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clear loss

  • 1 clear loss

    clear loss FIN Nettoverlust m

    Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > clear loss

  • 2 Clear loss

    خسارة صافية

    English-Arabic economic glossary > Clear loss

  • 3 clear loss

    perte f sèche

    English-French business dictionary > clear loss

  • 4 clear\ loss

    English-Hungarian dictionary > clear\ loss

  • 5 Clear loss; dead loss

    خسارة كبيرة ،- لا يستهان بها

    English-Arabic economic glossary > Clear loss; dead loss

  • 6 clear

    clear [klɪə(r)]
    transparent1 (a) clair1 (a)-(f) vif1 (c) net1 (d), 1 (h), 1 (l) évident1 (f) certain1 (g) libre1 (i), 1 (k) tranquille1 (j) distinctement2 (a) entièrement2 (c) débarrasser4 (a), 4 (b) clarifier4 (c) autoriser4 (d) innocenter4 (e) franchir4 (f) finir4 (h) s'éclaircir5 (a), 5 (b)
    (a) (transparent → glass, plastic) transparent; (→ water) clair, limpide; (→ river) limpide, transparent; (→ air) pur;
    clear honey miel m liquide;
    clear soup (plain stock) bouillon m; (with meat) consommé m
    (b) (cloudless → sky) clair, dégagé; (→ weather) clair, beau (belle);
    on a clear day par temps clair;
    the sky grew clearer le ciel se dégagea;
    as clear as day(light) clair comme le jour ou comme de l'eau de roche
    (c) (not dull → colour) vif; (→ light) éclatant, radieux; (untainted → complexion) clair, frais (fraîche);
    clear blue bleu vif;
    to have (a) clear skin avoir la peau nette
    (d) (distinct → outline) net, clair; (→ photograph) net; (→ sound) clair, distinct; (→ voice) clair, argentin;
    Television the picture was very clear l'image était très nette;
    make sure your writing is clear efforcez-vous d'écrire distinctement ou proprement;
    the lyrics are not very clear je ne distingue pas très bien les paroles de la chanson;
    the sound was as clear as a bell on entendait un son aussi clair que celui d'une cloche
    (e) (not confused → mind) pénétrant, lucide; (→ thinking, argument, style) clair; (→ explanation, report) clair, intelligible; (→ instructions) clair, explicite; (→ message) en clair;
    I want to keep a clear head je veux rester lucide ou garder tous mes esprits;
    a clear thinker un esprit lucide;
    clear thinking is essential il est essentiel de garder un esprit lucide;
    he is quite clear about what has to be done il sait parfaitement ce qu'il y a à faire;
    I've got the problem clear in my head je comprends ou saisis le problème;
    to make one's meaning or oneself clear se faire comprendre;
    now let's get this clear - I want no nonsense comprenons-nous bien ou soyons clairs - je ne supporterai pas de sottises
    (f) (obvious, unmistakable) évident, clair;
    a clear indication of a forthcoming storm un signe certain qu'il va y avoir de l'orage;
    it is a clear case of favouritism c'est manifestement du favoritisme, c'est un cas de favoritisme manifeste;
    it's clear that he's lying il est évident ou clair qu'il ment;
    it's clear from her letter that she's unhappy sa lettre montre clairement qu'elle est malheureuse;
    it becomes clearer every day cela devient plus évident chaque jour;
    it's far from clear who will win the election on ne peut vraiment pas dire qui va gagner les élections;
    it was not clear who had won on ne savait pas exactement qui avait gagné;
    it is clear to me that he is telling the truth pour moi, il est clair qu'il dit la vérité;
    he was unable to make his meaning clear il n'arrivait pas à s'expliquer;
    we want to make it clear that… nous tenons à préciser que…;
    to make it clear to sb that… bien faire comprendre à qn que…;
    she made it quite clear to them what she wanted elle leur a bien fait comprendre ce qu'elle voulait;
    it is important to make clear exactly what our aims are il est important de bien préciser quels sont nos objectifs;
    is that clear? est-ce que c'est clair?;
    do I make myself clear? est-ce que je me fais bien comprendre?, est-ce que c'est bien clair?;
    humorous as clear as mud clair comme l'encre
    (g) (free from doubt, certain) certain;
    she seems quite clear about what she wants elle sait très bien ce qu'elle veut;
    I want to be clear in my mind about it je veux en avoir le cœur net
    (h) (unqualified) net, sensible;
    it's a clear improvement over the other c'est nettement mieux que l'autre, il y a un net progrès par rapport à l'autre;
    they won by a clear majority ils ont gagné avec une large majorité
    (i) (unobstructed, free → floor, path) libre, dégagé; (→ route) sans obstacles, sans danger; (→ view) dégagé;
    the roads are clear of snow les routes sont déblayées ou déneigées;
    clear of obstacles sans obstacles;
    I left the desk clear j'ai débarrassé le bureau;
    his latest X-rays are clear ses dernières radios ne montrent rien d'anormal;
    clear space espace m libre;
    we had a clear view of the sea nous avions une très belle vue sur la mer;
    to be clear of sth être débarrassé de qch;
    we're clear of the traffic nous sommes sortis des encombrements;
    we were clear of the last checkpoint nous avions passé le dernier poste de contrôle;
    once the plane was clear of the trees une fois que l'avion eut franchi les arbres;
    to be clear of debts être libre de dettes;
    figurative can you see your way clear to lending me £5? auriez-vous la possibilité de me prêter 5 livres?;
    all clear! (there's no traffic, no one is watching) vous pouvez y aller, la voie est libre; Military fin d'alerte!
    (j) (free from guilt → conscience) tranquille;
    is your conscience clear? as-tu la conscience tranquille?;
    I can go home with a clear conscience je peux rentrer la conscience tranquille
    (k) (time) libre;
    his schedule is clear il n'a rien de prévu sur son emploi du temps;
    I have Wednesday clear je n'ai rien de prévu pour mercredi;
    we have four clear days to finish nous avons quatre jours pleins ou entiers pour finir
    (l) (net → money, wages) net;
    he brings home £300 clear il gagne 300 livres net;
    a clear profit un bénéfice net;
    a clear loss une perte sèche;
    clear of taxes net d'impôts
    (m) Linguistics antérieur
    (a) (distinctly) distinctement, nettement;
    Radio reading you loud and clear je te reçois cinq sur cinq;
    I can hear you as clear as a bell je t'entends très clairement
    (b) (away from, out of the way)
    to get clear of sb échapper à qn;
    when we got clear of the town quand nous nous sommes éloignés de la ville;
    when I get clear of my debts quand je serai débarrassé de mes dettes;
    we pulled him clear of the wrecked car/of the water nous l'avons sorti de la carcasse de la voiture/de l'eau;
    she was thrown clear of the car elle a été éjectée de la voiture;
    stand clear! écartez-vous!;
    stand clear of the entrance! dégagez l'entrée!;
    stand clear of the doors! attention à la fermeture automatique des portes!;
    to keep or steer clear of sth éviter qch;
    Nautical to steer clear of a rock passer au large d'un écueil
    (c) (all the way) entièrement, complètement;
    you can see clear to the mountain on peut voir jusqu'à la montagne;
    they went clear around the world ils ont fait le tour du monde;
    the thieves got clear away les voleurs ont disparu sans laisser de trace
    3 noun
    (idiom) to be in the clear (out of danger) être hors de danger; (out of trouble) être tiré d'affaire; (free of blame) être blanc comme neige; (above suspicion) être au-dessus de tout soupçon; (no longer suspected) être blanchi (de tout soupçon); Sport être démarqué
    (a) (remove → object) débarrasser, enlever; (→ obstacle) écarter; (→ weeds) arracher, enlever;
    clear the papers off the desk enlevez ces papiers du bureau, débarrassez le bureau de ces papiers;
    she cleared the plates from the table elle a débarrassé la table
    (b) (remove obstruction from → gen) débarrasser; (→ entrance, road) dégager, déblayer; (→ forest, land) défricher; (→ streets, room) faire évacuer; (→ pipe) déboucher;
    it's your turn to clear the table c'est à ton tour de débarrasser la table ou de desservir;
    to clear one's desk (tidy) débarrasser son bureau; (complete pending tasks) régler les affaires en suspens;
    to clear one's throat se racler la gorge;
    this land has been cleared of trees ce terrain a été déboisé;
    clear the room! évacuez la salle!;
    the judge cleared the court le juge a fait évacuer la salle;
    the police cleared the way for the procession la police a ouvert un passage au cortège;
    figurative the talks cleared the way for a ceasefire les pourparlers ont préparé le terrain ou ont ouvert la voie pour un cessez-le-feu;
    also figurative to clear the ground déblayer le terrain;
    to clear the decks (prepare for action) se mettre en branle-bas de combat; (make space) faire de la place, faire le ménage
    (c) (clarify → liquid) clarifier; (→ wine) coller, clarifier; (→ skin) purifier; (→ complexion) éclaircir;
    open the windows to clear the air ouvrez les fenêtres pour aérer;
    figurative his apology cleared the air ses excuses ont détendu l'atmosphère;
    I went for a walk to clear my head (from hangover) j'ai fait un tour pour m'éclaircir les idées; (from confusion) j'ai fait un tour pour me rafraîchir les idées ou pour me remettre les idées en place
    (d) (authorize) autoriser, approuver;
    the plane was cleared for take-off l'avion a reçu l'autorisation de décoller;
    the editor cleared the article for publication le rédacteur en chef a donné son accord ou le feu vert pour publier l'article;
    the investigators cleared him for top secret work après enquête, il a été autorisé à mener des activités top secret;
    you'll have to clear it with the boss il faut demander l'autorisation ou l'accord ou le feu vert du patron
    (e) (vindicate, find innocent) innocenter, disculper;
    to clear sb of a charge disculper qn d'une accusation;
    he was cleared of having been drunk in charge of a ship accusé d'avoir tenu les commandes (d'un navire) en état d'ivresse, il a été disculpé;
    the court cleared him of all blame la cour l'a totalement disculpé ou innocenté;
    give him a chance to clear himself donnez-lui la possibilité de se justifier ou de prouver son innocence;
    to clear one's name se justifier, défendre son honneur
    (f) (avoid touching) franchir; (obstacle) éviter;
    to clear a ditch sauter ou franchir un fossé;
    the horse cleared the fence with ease le cheval a sauté sans peine par-dessus ou a franchi sans peine la barrière;
    the plane barely cleared the trees l'avion a franchi les arbres de justesse;
    hang the curtains so that they just clear the floor accrochez les rideaux de façon à ce qu'ils touchent à peine le parquet
    she cleared 10 percent on the deal l'affaire lui a rapporté 10 pour cent net ou 10 pour cent tous frais payés;
    I clear a thousand pounds monthly je fais un bénéfice net de mille livres par mois
    (h) (dispatch → work) finir, terminer; Commerce (→ stock) liquider;
    he cleared the backlog of work il a rattrapé le travail en retard;
    we must clear this report by Friday il faut que nous nous débarrassions de ce rapport avant vendredi
    (i) (settle → account) liquider, solder; (→ cheque) compenser; (→ debt) s'acquitter de; (→ dues) acquitter
    (j) (of customs officer → goods) dédouaner; (→ ship) expédier
    to clear customs (person) passer la douane; (shipment) être dédouané;
    the bill cleared the Senate le projet de loi a été voté par le Sénat
    (l) Medicine (blood) dépurer, purifier; (bowels) purger, dégager
    to clear the ball dégager le ballon
    (n) Technology (decode) déchiffrer
    to clear the screen vider l'écran
    (a) (weather) s'éclaircir, se lever; (sky) se dégager; (fog) se lever, se dissiper;
    it's clearing le temps se lève, le ciel se dégage
    (b) (liquid) s'éclaircir; (skin) devenir plus sain; (complexion) s'éclaircir; (expression) s'éclairer;
    her face cleared son visage s'est éclairé
    (c) (cheque) être encaissé;
    it takes three days for the cheque to clear il y a trois jours de délai d'encaissement
    (d) (obtain clearance) recevoir l'autorisation
    (remove) enlever, ôter; (one's things) ranger;
    we cleared away the dishes nous avons débarrassé (la table) ou desservi
    (a) (tidy up) débarrasser, desservir
    (b) (disappear → fog, mist) se dissiper
    familiar filer;
    clear off! dégage!, fiche le camp!
    (a) (get rid of → debt) s'acquitter de; Commerce (→ stock) liquider
    (b) (remove) retirer, enlever
    (a) (tidy) nettoyer, ranger; (empty → cupboard) vider; (→ room) débarrasser
    (b) (throw out → rubbish, old clothes) jeter;
    he cleared everything out of the house il a fait le vide dans la maison;
    to clear everyone out of a room faire évacuer une pièce
    (c) familiar (leave without money) nettoyer, plumer;
    that last game cleared me out je me suis fait plumer dans cette dernière partie;
    I'm cleared out je suis fauché ou à sec
    (d) familiar (goods, stock) épuiser
    familiar (leave building, room etc) filer, déguerpir; (leave home → spouse, partner) se tirer;
    he was clearing out when I arrived il faisait ses valises quand je suis arrivé;
    he told us to clear out il nous a ordonné de disparaître;
    clear out (of here)! dégage!, fiche le camp!
    (a) (settle → problem) résoudre; (→ misunderstanding) dissiper; (→ mystery) éclaircir, résoudre;
    can you clear up this point? pouvez-vous éclaircir ce point?;
    let's clear this matter up tirons cette affaire au clair
    (b) (tidy up) ranger, faire du rangement dans;
    clear up that mess in the garden, will you? range-moi ce fouillis dans le jardin, d'accord?;
    I have a lot of work to clear up j'ai beaucoup de travail à rattraper
    (a) (weather) s'éclaircir, se lever; (fog, mist) se dissiper, se lever;
    it's clearing up le temps se lève
    (b) (spots, rash) disparaître;
    his cold is clearing up son rhume tire à sa fin
    (c) (tidy up) ranger, faire le ménage;
    I'm fed up with clearing up after you j'en ai assez de faire le ménage derrière toi

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > clear

  • 7 clear

    {klia}
    I. 1. ясен, бистър, прозрачен, светъл, ярък, чист, безоблачен, спокоен, невинен (за поглед и пр.)
    2. ясен, определен, разбираем, несъмнен,, недвусмислен, очевиден, явен, проницателен
    a CLEAR hand четлив почерк
    to make oneself lCLEAR казвам ясно това, което мисля
    to be CLEAR on/about something ясно ми е нещо, наясно съм за нещо
    in CLEAR нешифрован (за текст и пр.) -
    3. ясен, звучен, звънлив
    4. пълен, чист, цял
    CLEAR profit/loss чиста печалба/загуба
    CLEAR ten pounds a day цели десет лири на ден
    5. чист, открит, свободен, безопасен (за път и пр.) -, all CLEAR воен. не се вижда неприятел, отбой
    all CLEAR signal (сигнал за) отбой
    property CLEAR of mortgage неипотекиран имот
    in the CLEAR извън опасност/съмнение/подозрение, без дългове, издължен
    6. неограничен
    II. 1. ясно, разбрано
    2. ясно, ярко
    3. съвсем, напълно, изцяло (често усилм значението на away, off, out through)
    to get CLEAR away избягвам, офейквам
    three yards CLEAR цели три ярда
    4. свободно, безпрепятствено
    5. ам. чак (to до)
    6. настрана, надалеч
    без докосване (of до)
    stand CLEAR of the gates of the lift отстранете се от/не се допирайте до вратите на асансъора
    to keep/stay CLEAR of избягвам (нещо, някого), пазя се от
    to stand CLEAR отдръпвам се (за да избягна опасност)
    III. 1. изяснявам (се), прояснявам (се), изчиствам (се), избистрям (се)
    to CLEAR the air освежавам въздуха, прен. разведрявам атмосферата
    2. изяснявам, разгадавам, обяснявам (мистерия и пр.)
    3. разчиствам, прочиствам, разтребвам, опразвам, изпразвам
    освобождавам (се), разтоварвам (се) (of от), изглаждам (недоразумение и пр.)
    to CLEAR the streets of snow разчиствам снега от улиците
    to CLEAR the declt (s) (for action) мор. освобождавам борда, приготвям кораб за сражение, прен. приготвям се за действие/борба и пр.
    to CLEAR a way/passage for правя/давам път на (и прен.), to CLEAR a way for oneself пробивам си път
    to CLEAR land разчиствам земя от дървета и пр. (особ. за строеж или обработване)
    to CLEAR the ground прен. подготвям почвата
    to CLEAR the court юр. продължавам разглеждането на дело при закрити врати
    to iCLEAR the table раздигам/разтребвам масата
    to CLEAR goods освобождавам стоки (от митницата), to CLEAR one's throat изкашлям се лекичко
    to CLEAR oneself of a charge доказвам невинността си
    to CLEAR one's character/oneself доказвам невинността си, възстановявам доброто си име
    to CLEAR someone for top secret work давам някому документ, че може да заеме строго поверителна служба
    4. освобождавам паметта на компютър от натрупани данни
    5. търг. разпродавам (залежали) стоки
    6. получавам чиста печалба
    to CLEAR the expenses покривам разходите
    7. изплащам, погасявам (дълг), уреждам (сметка), освобождавам от задължение, изваждам от затруднение
    8. фин. минавам по сметка (чек)
    9. уреждам формалности
    10. сп. преминавам/прескачам, без да докосна (напречната греда и пр.)
    11. за короб напускам пристанище, след като са изпълнени всички формалности, разрешавам (на кораб) да напусне пристанище, вдигам карантина
    12. изчезвам, загубвам се (за симптоми и пр.)
    13. измъквам се, изпарявам се (обик. с oat), clear away премахвам, отстранявам, разчиствам (пречки, съмнения и пр.) -, раздигам. разтребвам (маса), вдигам се (за мъгла и пр.), разпръсвам се, изчезвам, отминавам, преминавам
    свършвам, довършвам (работа и пр.), clear off освобождавам се от, ликвидирам, погасявам, разпродавам
    to CLEAR off arrears of work довършвам изостанали работи
    изгонвам, прогонвам, CLEAR off! махай се! върви си!, отивам си, изчезвам
    clear out изпразвам, опразрам (стая, шкаф и пр.), чистя, изчиствам, почиствам, махам се, отивам си бързо, изчезвам, разг. оставям без пет пари, изгонвам, прогонвам, разгонвам
    clear up изчиствам, разтребвам, подреждам, изяснявам се, прояснявам се (за време), просветвам, прояснявам се (за лице), изяснявам, обяснявам (недоразумение), разрешавам, справям се (със затруднение, проблем и пр.)
    * * *
    {klia} а 1. ясен, бистър, прозрачен; светьл, ярък; чист, безобл(2) adv 1. ясно; разбрано; 2. ясно, ярко; 3. съвсем, напълно{3} v 1. изяснявам (се); прояснявам (се); изчиствам (се); из
    * * *
    четлив; чист; ясен; ясно; ярко; явен; разчиствам; светъл; определен; освобождавам; отчетлив; очиствам; бистър; разпродавам; разбираем; разтребвам; прояснявам; прочиствам; изчиствам; изяснявам; изсичам; избистрям; недвусмислен;
    * * *
    1. 1 за короб напускам пристанище, след като са изпълнени всички формалности, разрешавам (на кораб) да напусне пристанище, вдигам карантина 2. 1 измъквам се, изпарявам се (обик. с oat), clear away премахвам, отстранявам, разчиствам (пречки, съмнения и пр.) -, раздигам. разтребвам (маса), вдигам се (за мъгла и пр.), разпръсвам се, изчезвам, отминавам, преминавам 3. 1 изчезвам, загубвам се (за симптоми и пр.) 4. a clear hand четлив почерк 5. all clear signal (сигнал за) отбой 6. clear out изпразвам, опразрам (стая, шкаф и пр.), чистя, изчиствам, почиствам, махам се, отивам си бързо, изчезвам, разг. оставям без пет пари, изгонвам, прогонвам, разгонвам 7. clear profit/loss чиста печалба/загуба 8. clear ten pounds a day цели десет лири на ден 9. clear up изчиствам, разтребвам, подреждам, изяснявам се, прояснявам се (за време), просветвам, прояснявам се (за лице), изяснявам, обяснявам (недоразумение), разрешавам, справям се (със затруднение, проблем и пр.) 10. i. ясен, бистър, прозрачен, светъл, ярък, чист, безоблачен, спокоен, невинен (за поглед и пр.) 11. ii. ясно, разбрано 12. iii. изяснявам (се), прояснявам (се), изчиствам (се), избистрям (се) 13. in clear нешифрован (за текст и пр.) - 14. in the clear извън опасност/съмнение/подозрение, без дългове, издължен 15. property clear of mortgage неипотекиран имот 16. stand clear of the gates of the lift отстранете се от/не се допирайте до вратите на асансъора 17. three yards clear цели три ярда 18. to be clear on/about something ясно ми е нещо, наясно съм за нещо 19. to clear a way/passage for правя/давам път на (и прен.), to clear a way for oneself пробивам си път 20. to clear goods освобождавам стоки (от митницата), to clear one's throat изкашлям се лекичко 21. to clear land разчиствам земя от дървета и пр. (особ. за строеж или обработване) 22. to clear off arrears of work довършвам изостанали работи 23. to clear one's character/oneself доказвам невинността си, възстановявам доброто си име 24. to clear oneself of a charge доказвам невинността си 25. to clear someone for top secret work давам някому документ, че може да заеме строго поверителна служба 26. to clear the air освежавам въздуха, прен. разведрявам атмосферата 27. to clear the court юр. продължавам разглеждането на дело при закрити врати 28. to clear the declt (s) (for action) мор. освобождавам борда, приготвям кораб за сражение, прен. приготвям се за действие/борба и пр 29. to clear the expenses покривам разходите 30. to clear the ground прен. подготвям почвата 31. to clear the streets of snow разчиствам снега от улиците 32. to get clear away избягвам, офейквам 33. to iclear the table раздигам/разтребвам масата 34. to keep/stay clear of избягвам (нещо, някого), пазя се от 35. to make oneself lclear казвам ясно това, което мисля 36. to stand clear отдръпвам се (за да избягна опасност) 37. ам. чак (to до) 38. без докосване (of до) 39. изгонвам, прогонвам, clear off! махай се! върви си!, отивам си, изчезвам 40. изплащам, погасявам (дълг), уреждам (сметка), освобождавам от задължение, изваждам от затруднение 41. изяснявам, разгадавам, обяснявам (мистерия и пр.) 42. настрана, надалеч 43. неограничен 44. освобождавам (се), разтоварвам (се) (of от), изглаждам (недоразумение и пр.) 45. освобождавам паметта на компютър от натрупани данни 46. получавам чиста печалба 47. пълен, чист, цял 48. разчиствам, прочиствам, разтребвам, опразвам, изпразвам 49. свободно, безпрепятствено 50. свършвам, довършвам (работа и пр.), clear off освобождавам се от, ликвидирам, погасявам, разпродавам 51. сп. преминавам/прескачам, без да докосна (напречната греда и пр.) 52. съвсем, напълно, изцяло (често усилм значението на away, off, out through) 53. търг. разпродавам (залежали) стоки 54. уреждам формалности 55. фин. минавам по сметка (чек) 56. чист, открит, свободен, безопасен (за път и пр.) -, all clear воен. не се вижда неприятел, отбой 57. ясен, звучен, звънлив 58. ясен, определен, разбираем, несъмнен,, недвусмислен, очевиден, явен, проницателен 59. ясно, ярко
    * * *
    clear[kliə] I. adj 1. ясен, бистър, светъл, чист; безоблачен; ярък; \clear as a bell ясен, чист (за звук, образ); as \clear as a day ( light) ясно като бял ден; очевиден; as \clear as mud ясно като в мъгла; as \clear as crystal бистър като сълза; 2. ясен, определен, точен; отчетлив; разбираем, недвусмислен, очевиден, сигурен, явен; loud and \clear ясен и отчетлив (за звук, радиосигнал и пр.); a \clear position определено (ясно) становище; a \clear hand разбираем, четлив почерк; that's \clear! ясно! достатъчно! to make s.th. \clear ясно (недвусмислено) показвам; to make o.s. \clear ясен съм, изразявам се точно; 3. чист, пълен, цял; \clear loss чиста загуба; a \clear thousand pounds a year чисти (цели) хиляда лири годишно; a \clear majority пълно мнозинство; three \clear days три цели дни; 4. чист, безпрепятствен, свободен; her desk was \clear of clutter бюрото ѝ беше разтребено (не беше отрупано с вещи); road \clear, line \clear жп свободно; линията е свободна; all \clear воен. не се вижда неприятел; отбой; all \clear signal (сигнал за) отбой; property \clear of mortgage неипотекиран имот; имот, свободен от ипотека; as soon as he was \clear of the building he looked round щом се отдалечи достатъчно от сградата, обърна се и погледна назад; \clear from suspicion извън подозрение; the coast is \clear вече няма опасност, разг. тоалетната е свободна; 5. наясно, с избистрено отношение ( about, on); he is not entirely \clear on how he will go about it не е съвсем наясно как да подходи към въпроса; 6. прозрачен, бистър; II. adv 1. ясно, отчетливо; 2. ясно, ярко; 3. съвсем, напълно (често усилва значението на away, off, out, through); свободно, без пречки; to go \clear through минавам през, пронизвам; we went \clear to the end отидохме чак до края; three feet \clear цели три фута; 4. настрана, далеч (и прен.); без да докосвам нещо; \clear of s.th. настрана от; to get \clear of debt освобождавам се (отървавам се) от дългове; to jump three inches \clear of the bar скачам три инча по-високо от пръчката; to steer \clear of избягвам, отбягвам, пазя дистанция от; to stand \clear отдръпвам се (за да избягна опасност); park your car about nine inches \clear of the curb паркирай на около 9 инча от тротоара; III. n: in the \clear 1) вън от опасност; 2) свободен от подозрение; вън от подозрение; невинен; 3) сп. напред от останалите, с голяма преднина; IV. v 1. изяснявам (се), прояснявам (се); освобождавам; изчиствам; избистрям (се); to \clear the air освежавам атмосферата (въздуха) (и прен.); премахвам напрежението, успокоявам топката; the mist \cleared мъглата се вдигна, проясни се; the muddy water slowly \cleared мътната вода бавно се избистри; 2. изчиствам, разчиствам, прочиствам; освобождавам, опразвам, изпразвам; to \clear o.' s mind отърсвам се от съмнение (обърканост); избистрям ума си; to \clear the road of traffic освобождавам път от превозни средства; to \clear the decks for action мор. приготвям се за бой, освобождавам борда за сражение (и прен.); to \clear the way ( a passage) for правя път на (и прен.); \clear the way! направете (дайте) път! to \clear a way for o.s. пробивам си път; to \clear the ground прен. подготвям почвата; to \clear the court юрид. отстранявам присъстващи лица от съдебната зала, нареждам делото да се гледа при закрити врати; to \clear the table прибирам (раздигам) масата; to \clear goods освобождавам стоки (на митницата); to \clear an equation of fractions мат. премахвам дроби от уравнение; to \clear o.'s throat покашлям се; окашлям се леко; to \clear o.s. of an accusation доказвам невинността си, оправдавам се; to \clear o.'s name ( character, o.s.) възстановявам доброто си име, доказвам невинността си; 3. търг. разпродавам; great reduction in order to \clear голямо намаление за разпродаване (на залежали стоки); 4. получавам чист доход (печалба); to \clear $ 50 докарвам си (печеля) чисти 50 долара; to \clear the expenses покривам разходите; 5. изплащам, погасявам (дълг); фин. to \clear a check изплащам (покривам) чек; 6. преминавам (прескачам), без да докосна; to \clear 2, 36 metres скачам 2,36 метра; to \clear the ground не се допирам до земята (за перде и пр.); 7. получавам разрешение; разрешавам (обикн. в pass) the helicopter was \cleared for take-off хеликоптерът получи разрешение за излитане; 8. (за кораб) напускам пристанище, след като съм изпълнил всички формалности; разрешавам (на кораб) да напусне пристанище; вдигам карантина; to \clear for a port отплувам за някое пристанище; 9. sl измъквам се, изпарявам се, изчиствам се (обикн. to \clear out);

    English-Bulgarian dictionary > clear

  • 8 clear

    1. adjective
    1) klar; rein [Haut, Teint]
    2) (distinct) scharf [Bild, Foto, Umriss]; deutlich [Abbild]; klar [Ton]; klar verständlich [Wort]
    3) (obvious, unambiguous) klar [Aussage, Vorteil, Vorsprung, Mehrheit, Sieg, Fall]

    make oneself clearsich deutlich od. klar [genug] ausdrücken

    make it clear [to somebody] that... — [jemandem] klar und deutlich sagen, dass...

    4) (free) frei; (Horse-riding) fehlerfrei [Runde]

    be clear of suspicionnicht unter Verdacht stehen

    we're in the clear(free of suspicion) auf uns fällt kein Verdacht; (free of trouble) wir haben es geschafft

    three clear days/lines — drei volle od. volle drei Tage/Zeilen

    6) (open, unobstructed) frei

    keep something clear(not block) etwas frei halten

    all clear(one will not be detected) die Luft ist rein (ugs.); see also academic.ru/94374/all-clear">all-clear

    the way is [now] clear [for somebody] to do something — (fig.) es steht [jemandem] nichts [mehr] im Wege, etwas zu tun

    7) (discerning) klar

    keep a clear headeinen klaren od. kühlen Kopf bewahren

    be clear [on or about something] — sich (Dat.) [über etwas (Akk.)] im klaren sein

    2. adverb

    keep clear of something/somebody — etwas/jemanden meiden

    ‘keep clear’ — (don't approach) "Vorsicht [Zug usw.]"

    please stand or keep clear of the door — bitte von der Tür zurücktreten

    the driver was pulled clear of the wreckageman zog den Fahrer aus dem Wrack seines Wagens

    3. transitive verb
    1) (make clear) klären [Flüssigkeit]

    clear the air — lüften; (fig.) die Atmosphäre reinigen

    2) (free from obstruction) räumen [Straße]; abräumen [Regal, Schreibtisch]; freimachen [Abfluss, Kanal]

    clear the streets of snowden Schnee von den Straßen räumen

    clear a space for somebody/something — für jemanden/etwas Platz machen

    clear one's throat — sich räuspern; see also deck 1. 1); way 1. 6)

    3) (make empty) räumen; leeren [Briefkasten]
    4) (remove) wegräumen; beheben [Verstopfung]
    5) (pass over without touching) nehmen [Hindernis]; überspringen [Latte]
    6) (show to be innocent) freisprechen

    clear oneselfseine Unschuld beweisen

    7) (declare fit to have secret information) für unbedenklich erklären
    8) (get permission for)

    clear something with somebody — etwas von jemandem genehmigen lassen; (give permission for)

    clear a plane for take-off/landing — einem Flugzeug Start-/Landeerlaubnis erteilen

    9) (at customs)
    10) (pay off) begleichen [Schuld]
    4. intransitive verb
    1) (become clear) klar werden; sich klären; [Wetter, Himmel:] sich aufheitern; (fig.) [Gesicht:] sich aufhellen
    2) (disperse) [Nebel:] sich verziehen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    [kliə] 1. adjective
    1) (easy to see through; transparent: clear glass.) klar
    2) (free from mist or cloud: Isn't the sky clear!) klar
    3) (easy to see, hear or understand: a clear explanation; The details on that photograph are very clear.) deutlich
    4) (free from difficulty or obstacles: a clear road ahead.) frei
    5) (free from guilt etc: a clear conscience.) rein
    6) (free from doubt etc: Are you quite clear about what I mean?) sicher
    7) ((often with of) without (risk of) being touched, caught etc: Is the ship clear of the rocks? clear of danger.) frei
    8) ((often with of) free: clear of debt; clear of all infection.) frei
    2. verb
    1) (to make or become free from obstacles etc: He cleared the table; I cleared my throat; He cleared the path of debris.) reinigen
    2) ((often with of) to prove the innocence of; to declare to be innocent: He was cleared of all charges.) freisprechen
    3) ((of the sky etc) to become bright, free from cloud etc.) sich aufklären
    4) (to get over or past something without touching it: He cleared the jump easily.) knapp vorbeikommen
    - clearance
    - clearing
    - clearly
    - clearness
    - clear-cut
    - clearway
    - clear off
    - clear out
    - clear up
    - in the clear
    * * *
    [klɪəʳ, AM klɪr]
    1. (understandable) definition, description, message klar; explanation, description also verständlich; (definite) impression, similarity eindeutig; (distinct) statement, stage klar, deutlich; signs deutlich
    he wasn't very \clear er hat sich nicht sonderlich klar ausgedrückt
    \clear instructions klare Anweisungen
    to have \clear memories of sth ( fig) sich akk deutlich an etw akk erinnern können
    a \clear picture ein scharfes Bild
    to have a \clear perception of sth klare Vorstellungen von etw dat haben
    to have a \clear understanding of sth ein klares Verständnis einer Sache haben
    to make oneself \clear sich akk deutlich [o klar] ausdrücken
    as \clear as a bell glockenhell, glockenrein
    [as] \clear as day eindeutig, unmissverständlich
    2. (obvious) klar, sicher
    is that \clear? ist das klar?
    it's \clear [to me] that... es ist [mir] klar, dass...
    they have made it \clear that... sie haben es unmissverständlich klargemacht, dass...
    Richard isn't at all \clear about what... Richard ist sich nicht im Mindesten darüber im Klaren, was...
    it's not \clear whether... es ist nicht klar, ob...
    he's a \clear favourite er ist ein klarer Favorit
    he's got a \clear lead er führt eindeutig
    a \clear case of... ein klarer Fall von...
    a \clear majority eine klare Mehrheit
    to be \clear that... sich dat sicher sein, dass...
    to be \clear about sth sich dat über etw akk im Klaren sein
    to get \clear about sth sich dat über etw akk klarwerden
    to make one's position \clear seine Haltung deutlich machen
    to make oneself \clear [to sb] sich akk [jdm] verständlich machen
    to make sth \clear [to sb] etw [jdm gegenüber] klar zum Ausdruck bringen
    do I make myself \clear? habe ich mich klar ausgedrückt?
    as \clear as day sonnenklar
    3. usu attr (unconfused) klar
    to keep a \clear head einen klaren Kopf bewahren
    a \clear thinker jd, der klar denken kann
    to be \clear of sth:
    she's \clear of all suspicion sie ist frei von jeglichem Verdacht; (guilt-free)
    to have a \clear conscience ein reines Gewissen haben
    5. (unobstructed) passage, path frei; throat unbelegt; (complete) ganz, voll; ( fig)
    could you see your way \clear to lending me some money? könntest du mir eventuell etwas Geld leihen?
    a \clear view ein freier Blick, eine ungehinderte Aussicht
    6. (transparent) glass durchsichtig; water, soup klar
    as \clear as crystal kristallklar
    that's as \clear as mud da blickt man gar nicht durch
    7. (pure)
    \clear complexion/skin reiner Teint/reine Haut
    a \clear sound ein klarer Ton
    8. (bright, shining) of colours, eyes leuchtend
    9. (of weather, atmosphere) sky, day, night, air klar
    \clear weather heiteres Wetter
    10. inv (net) rein, netto
    a \clear profit ein Reingewinn m
    \clear jump fehlerfreier Sprung
    12. inv (away from)
    the gate must be \clear of the ground das Tor darf den Boden nicht berühren
    ... one wheel \clear of the ground... ein Rad ragte in die Luft
    wait till we're \clear of the main road... warte, bis wir die Hauptstraße verlassen haben
    to keep [or stay] [or steer] \clear of sb/sth sich akk von jdm/etw fernhalten
    13.
    all \clear die Luft ist rein
    the coast is \clear die Luft ist rein fam
    out of a \clear sky aus heiterem Himmel
    II. NOUN
    to be in the \clear außer Verdacht sein
    III. ADVERB
    he jumped two centimetres \clear of the bar er sprang mit einem Abstand von zwei Zentimetern über die Leiste
    please move \clear of the edge of the platform bitte von der Bahnsteigkante zurücktreten
    make sure you park \clear of the kerb pass auf, dass du nicht zu nah am Randstein parkst
    stand \clear of the doors (in underground) bitte zurückbleiben; (at train station) Türe schließen selbsttätig — Vorsicht bei der Abfahrt
    to steer \clear of sth NAUT um etw herumsteuern
    to steer \clear of sb jdn meiden
    to steer \clear of a place um etw einen großen Bogen machen
    to stand \clear [of sth] (by moving to the side) zur Seite gehen; (by moving back) zurückbleiben; (remain in a distance) von etw dat entfernt bleiben
    to be thrown \clear of sth aus etw dat herausgeschleudert werden
    to get \clear of sth etw hinter sich dat lassen
    to be \clear of sth etw hinter sich dat gelassen haben
    to see \clear klar sehen
    loud and \clear klar und deutlich
    they got \clear away sie haben sich aus dem Staub gemacht
    to \clear sth etw klären
    2. (remove confusion)
    to \clear one's head einen klaren Kopf bekommen
    to \clear sth etw beseitigen; land, snow etw räumen
    to \clear the road die Straße frei machen [o räumen]
    to \clear sth from [or off] sth etw von etw dat wegräumen
    to \clear one's throat sich akk räuspern
    to \clear the way for sb to do sth es jdm ermöglichen, etw zu tun
    4. (remove blemish)
    to \clear sth etw reinigen
    to \clear the air (remove dirt) die Luft reinigen; (remove bad feeling) die Atmosphäre reinigen
    to \clear sth (of things) etw ausräumen
    they \cleared the building in 3 minutes sie räumten das Gebäude in 3 Minuten
    to \clear the table den Tisch abräumen
    6. (acquit)
    to \clear sb of charges LAW jdn freisprechen
    to \clear sb of a crime LAW jdn eines Verbrechens freisprechen
    to \clear sb's name jds Namen reinwaschen
    7. (complete work)
    to \clear sth etw erledigen
    8. FIN
    Bill \clears $200 a week Bill macht 200 Dollar die Woche fam
    to \clear a cheque einen Scheck freigeben, bestätigen, dass ein Scheck gedeckt ist
    to \clear one's debts seine Schulden begleichen
    to \clear a certain sum eine bestimmte Summe freigeben geh
    to \clear sth über etw akk springen
    10. (approve)
    you'll have to \clear that with the boss das müssen Sie mit dem Chef klären
    11. (give official permission)
    to \clear sth etw genehmigen
    to \clear a plane for take-off ein Flugzeug zum Start freigeben
    to \clear sth with sb etw mit jdm abklären
    to \clear sb to do sth jdm genehmigen, etw zu tun
    to \clear customs Zollformalitäten erledigen
    12. (in football)
    to \clear the ball klären
    to \clear the ball with one's head mit einem Kopfball klären
    13.
    to \clear the decks ( fam) klar Schiff machen fam
    1. (delete) löschen
    2. (become transparent) sich akk klären
    3. (become free of blemish) sich akk reinigen
    4. (weather) sich akk [auf]klären
    it's \clearing up es klart auf, es wird klar; fog, smoke sich akk auflösen; (go, disappear)
    to \clear [away] verschwinden
    5. FIN einen Scheck freigeben
    * * *
    clear [klıə(r)]
    A adj (adv clearly)
    1. klar, hell (Augen, Licht, Tag etc):
    (as) clear as mud umg klar wie Kloßbrühe
    2. a) klar, durchsichtig, rein: crystal A 1, varnish A 2
    b) deutlich, scharf (Foto, Konturen etc)
    3. klar, heiter (Himmel, Wetter): sky A 1
    4. rein, flecken-, makellos (Haut etc)
    5. klar, rein, hell (Stimme): bell1 A 1
    6. fig klar, hell, scharf:
    a clear head ein klarer oder heller Kopf
    7. klar, unvermischt:
    clear soup GASTR klare Suppe
    8. Funk etc: unverschlüsselt:
    clear text C 1
    9. übersichtlich, klar (Design etc)
    10. klar, verständlich, deutlich:
    make sth clear (to sb) (jemandem) etwas klarmachen oder verständlich machen;
    make it clear that … klipp und klar sagen, dass …;
    make o.s. clear sich deutlich oder klar (genug) ausdrücken
    11. klar, offensichtlich:
    a clear victory SPORT etc ein klarer Sieg;
    gain a clear win over SPORT etc jemanden klar schlagen;
    have a clear lead SPORT etc klar in Führung liegen;
    be clear about sich im Klaren sein über (akk);
    for no clear reason ohne ersichtlichen Grund
    12. klar:
    a) sicher
    b) in Ordnung:
    all clear alles klar; die Luft ist rein umg
    13. frei (of von), unbehindert, offen:
    clear road freie Straße;
    clear of snow schneefrei;
    put sb clear SPORT jemanden freispielen; coast A 1
    14. (of) frei (von Schulden etc), unbelastet (von):
    clear of debt schuldenfrei;
    clear title einwandfreier Rechtstitel;
    a clear conscience ein reines Gewissen
    15. WIRTSCH netto, Netto…, Rein…:
    clear gain ( oder profit) Reingewinn m;
    clear loss Nettoverlust m, reiner Verlust
    16. glatt, voll, ganz:
    a clear 10 minutes volle 10 Minuten
    17. TECH licht (Höhe etc)
    B adv
    1. hell, klar
    2. klar, deutlich:
    3. umg völlig, ganz, glatt:
    jump clear over the fence glatt über den Zaun springen
    4. frei, los, weg ( alle:
    of von):
    keep clear of sich fernhalten von, meiden (akk);
    be clear of sth etwas los sein;
    get clear of loskommen von;
    finish well clear of SPORT etc mit klarem oder deutlichem Vorsprung gewinnen vor (dat);
    jump clear wegspringen, sich durch einen Sprung retten;
    see one’s way clear freie Bahn haben; stand B 6, steer1 B 1
    5. go clear (Springreiten) fehlerfrei oder ohne Abwurf bleiben
    C s
    1. freier Raum:
    a) frei, SPORT frei stehend,
    b) fig aus der Sache heraus, besonders vom Verdacht gereinigt
    2. Funk etc: Klartext m:
    in the clear im Klartext
    D v/t
    1. oft clear away wegräumen, -schaffen ( beide:
    from von), das Geschirr abräumen:
    he cleared the thoughts from his mind er verscheuchte die Gedanken
    2. eine Straße etc frei machen, einen Saal etc, WIRTSCH auch ein (Waren)Lager räumen: head Bes Redew
    3. den Tisch abräumen, abdecken: table A 2
    4. Land, einen Wald roden
    5. reinigen, säubern:
    clear one’s throat sich räuspern; air1 A 1, atmosphere 5
    6. leeren, entladen
    7. Schulden tilgen, bezahlen, bereinigen
    8. von Schulden befreien
    9. WIRTSCH
    a) einen Scheck einlösen
    b) einen Scheck etc durch ein Clearinghaus verrechnen lassen
    c) als Reingewinn erzielen
    10. frei-, lossprechen:
    clear o.s. (sb) of a crime sich (jemanden) vom Verdacht eines Verbrechens reinigen;
    clear one’s conscience sein Gewissen entlasten;
    clear one’s name seinen Namen reinwaschen
    11. clear up A 2
    12. allg abfertigen, besonders SCHIFF
    a) Waren deklarieren, verzollen
    b) das Schiff ausklarieren
    c) aus dem Hafen auslaufen
    d) die Ladung löschen
    e) von der Küste freikommen:
    clear the decks (for action) das Schiff gefechtsklar machen, fig sich bereit oder fertig machen
    13. a) ein Hindernis (glatt) nehmen, über eine Hecke etc setzen: hurdle A 1
    b) SPORT die Latte, eine Höhe überspringen
    14. (knapp oder heil) vorbeikommen an (dat):
    15. clear the ball SPORT klären
    E v/i
    1. sich klären (Wein etc), klar oder hell werden
    2. aufklaren, sich aufhellen (Wetter)
    3. oft clear away sich verziehen (Nebel etc)
    4. WIRTSCH, SCHIFF
    a) die Zollformalitäten erledigen
    b) ausklarieren, den Hafen nach Erledigung der Zollformalitäten verlassen
    5. Fußball etc: klären ( for a corner zur Ecke)
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) klar; rein [Haut, Teint]
    2) (distinct) scharf [Bild, Foto, Umriss]; deutlich [Abbild]; klar [Ton]; klar verständlich [Wort]
    3) (obvious, unambiguous) klar [Aussage, Vorteil, Vorsprung, Mehrheit, Sieg, Fall]

    make oneself clearsich deutlich od. klar [genug] ausdrücken

    make it clear [to somebody] that... — [jemandem] klar und deutlich sagen, dass...

    4) (free) frei; (Horse-riding) fehlerfrei [Runde]

    we're in the clear (free of suspicion) auf uns fällt kein Verdacht; (free of trouble) wir haben es geschafft

    three clear days/lines — drei volle od. volle drei Tage/Zeilen

    6) (open, unobstructed) frei

    keep something clear (not block) etwas frei halten

    all clear (one will not be detected) die Luft ist rein (ugs.); see also all-clear

    the way is [now] clear [for somebody] to do something — (fig.) es steht [jemandem] nichts [mehr] im Wege, etwas zu tun

    7) (discerning) klar

    keep a clear headeinen klaren od. kühlen Kopf bewahren

    8) (certain, confident)

    be clear [on or about something] — sich (Dat.) [über etwas (Akk.)] im klaren sein

    2. adverb

    keep clear of something/somebody — etwas/jemanden meiden

    ‘keep clear’ — (don't approach) "Vorsicht [Zug usw.]"

    please stand or keep clear of the door — bitte von der Tür zurücktreten

    3. transitive verb
    1) (make clear) klären [Flüssigkeit]

    clear the air — lüften; (fig.) die Atmosphäre reinigen

    2) (free from obstruction) räumen [Straße]; abräumen [Regal, Schreibtisch]; freimachen [Abfluss, Kanal]

    clear a space for somebody/something — für jemanden/etwas Platz machen

    clear one's throat — sich räuspern; see also deck 1. 1); way 1. 6)

    3) (make empty) räumen; leeren [Briefkasten]
    4) (remove) wegräumen; beheben [Verstopfung]
    5) (pass over without touching) nehmen [Hindernis]; überspringen [Latte]
    6) (show to be innocent) freisprechen
    7) (declare fit to have secret information) für unbedenklich erklären

    clear something with somebody — etwas von jemandem genehmigen lassen; (give permission for)

    clear a plane for take-off/landing — einem Flugzeug Start-/Landeerlaubnis erteilen

    10) (pay off) begleichen [Schuld]
    4. intransitive verb
    1) (become clear) klar werden; sich klären; [Wetter, Himmel:] sich aufheitern; (fig.) [Gesicht:] sich aufhellen
    2) (disperse) [Nebel:] sich verziehen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    adj.
    deutlich adj.
    eindeutig adj.
    frei adj.
    heiter adj.
    hell adj.
    klar adj.
    übersichtlich (Kurve) adj.
    übersichtlich (klar dargestellt) adj. v.
    aufhellen v.
    aufräumen v.
    klären v.
    löschen v.
    reinigen v.
    roden (Land) v.
    räumen v.

    English-german dictionary > clear

  • 9 clear

    kliə 1. adjective
    1) (easy to see through; transparent: clear glass.) klar, gjennomsiktig
    2) (free from mist or cloud: Isn't the sky clear!) klar
    3) (easy to see, hear or understand: a clear explanation; The details on that photograph are very clear.) klar, tydelig, skarp
    4) (free from difficulty or obstacles: a clear road ahead.) klar, åpen, ryddig
    5) (free from guilt etc: a clear conscience.) rein (samvittighet)
    6) (free from doubt etc: Are you quite clear about what I mean?) klar over, sikker på, uten tvil
    7) ((often with of) without (risk of) being touched, caught etc: Is the ship clear of the rocks? clear of danger.) klar
    8) ((often with of) free: clear of debt; clear of all infection.) fri for, uten
    2. verb
    1) (to make or become free from obstacles etc: He cleared the table; I cleared my throat; He cleared the path of debris.) rydde, rense, renske
    2) ((often with of) to prove the innocence of; to declare to be innocent: He was cleared of all charges.) renvaske(s), frikjenne(s)
    3) ((of the sky etc) to become bright, free from cloud etc.) klarne opp
    4) (to get over or past something without touching it: He cleared the jump easily.) klare, komme/hoppe over
    - clearing
    - clearly
    - clearness
    - clear-cut
    - clearway
    - clear off
    - clear out
    - clear up
    - in the clear
    klar
    --------
    tydelig
    I
    subst. \/klɪə\/
    bare i uttrykk
    in the clear frikjent, renvasket i smult farvann, i åpent hav, utenfor fare (overført)
    gjeldfri, solvent ( også in clear) i klartekst (ikke kodet)
    II
    verb \/klɪə\/
    1) gjøre klar, klargjøre, klare, renske, rense
    2) ( om vær) klarne, lysne, letne
    3) frita (fra skyld), erklære\/bevise uskyldig, renvaske, frikjenne
    4) spre seg, lette, forsvinne, gi seg
    5) befri, løsne
    6) rydde, rense, rydde av
    7) tømme(s), bli tom
    8) (skogbruk, om tre) kviste
    9) rømme, forlate
    10) ( EDB) fjerne
    11) passere forbi, passere over, ta
    can your horse clear that hedge?
    12) ( sjøfart) utklarere, bli utklarert, klarere (fartøy, varer i tollen)
    13) ( om skip) losse
    14) gå klar av
    15) ( handel) betale, gjøre opp, kvitte seg med
    16) ( handel) befri fra gjeld
    17) ( handel) tjene netto
    18) selge ut, selges
    19) fremlegge for godkjenning, godkjenne
    20) gi klarsignal for
    21) ( sport) klarere, avverge målsjanse
    clear a bill of exchange innfri en veksel
    clear away rydde unna, få unna, ta vekk, rydde vekk, rense vekk, ta av, ta ut
    dra vekk, spre seg, lette, forsvinne
    clear in(wards) ( sjøfart) innklarere
    clear land rydde jord, rydde land
    clear off kvitte seg med, betale
    ( hverdagslig) forlate hurtig, forsvinne rydde av
    clear off! eller clear out! ( hverdagslig) stikk!, forsvinn!
    clear out rense ut\/bort, få unna, tømme, rense
    ( hverdagslig) gå sin vei, stikke
    they are after you, you'd better clear out
    de er etter deg, så det er best du stikker kaste\/jage ut
    ( hverdagslig) gjøre lutfattig, blakke
    clear somebody sikkerhetskontrollere noen, bevitne at noen har gjennomgått en sikkerhetskontroll
    clear somebody's name renvaske noen
    clear the air ( overført) rense luften (fjerne misforståelser eller misstemning)
    clear the ball ( sport) klarere ballen, få ballen ut av målområdet
    clear the decks (for action) ( marinen) gjøre klart til kamp ( overført) gjøre seg klar
    clear the way bane vei gå av veien, gi plass
    clear through customs fortolle, tollbehandle
    clear up ordne, få orden i, rydde opp i, rydde vekk
    clear with klarere med forelegge til godkjenning hos
    III
    adj. \/klɪə\/
    1) klar, lys, ren, frisk, glinsende, gjennomsiktig
    2) ( meteorologi) klar, skyfri
    3) klar, tydelig, åpenbar, utvetydig
    I don't want any problems, is that clear?
    jeg vil ikke ha noen problemer, er det oppfattet?
    4) ( om tankegang) klar, logisk
    5) sikker, uten tvil
    6) ren, plettfri, uskyldig
    7) fri (uten hindring), klar, åpen
    is the road clear for traffic?
    8) frigjort, løs, som ikke sitter fast
    9) ( sjøfart) klar
    10) ( handel) ren, uavkortet, netto-
    11) hel, full
    12) ( fonetikk) lys, klar
    all clear! faren over!
    as clear as day soleklar, klar som dagen
    be clear (of) ( sjøfart) gå klar (av)
    be clear that være klart at ( om person) være på det rene med
    clear of fri for, fri fra
    keep a clear head holde hodet kaldt
    make clear klargjøre
    make oneself clear eller make one's meaning clear uttrykke seg klart, klargjøre hva man mener
    IV
    adv. \/klɪə\/
    1) klart, tydelig
    2) helt, fullstendig
    clear to (amer.) helt til
    get clear of komme løs fra, bli fri fra, gå klar av (sjøfart)
    get clear over komme over uten å henge fast
    keep\/stay clear of unngå, avholde seg fra, ikke blande seg bort i
    stand clear of gå ut av veien for, se opp for, ikke stå i veien for
    stear clear of ( hverdagslig) gå klar av, holde seg unna

    English-Norwegian dictionary > clear

  • 10 clear

    (a) (net) net (nette);
    clear of taxes net d'impôt
    clear loss perte f sèche; clear profit bénéfice m net
    (b) clear day jour m franc;
    three clear days trois jours francs;
    ten clear days' notice préavis m de dix jours francs
    (c) (accounts) en règle
    (a) (debt) liquider, acquitter; (mortgage) purger; (account) solder
    to clear customs (of person) passer la douane; (of goods) être dédouané(e)
    she cleared ten percent on the deal l'affaire lui a rapporté dix pour cent tous frais payés ou dix pour cent net;
    I clear a thousand pounds monthly je fais un bénéfice net de mille livres par mois
    (d) BANKING (cheque) compenser, virer; FINANCE (bill) régler
    to clear the screen vider l'écran
    (of cheque) être encaissé(e);
    it takes three working days for cheques to clear il y a trois jours ouvrables de délai d'encaissement
    (debt) liquider, acquitter; (stock) liquider

    English-French business dictionary > clear

  • 11 zero-loss circuit

    English-Russian dictionary of Information technology > zero-loss circuit

  • 12 of

    acknowledgement of receipt
    подтверждение приема
    actual time of arrival
    фактическое время прибытия
    aerodrome of call
    аэродром выхода на радиосвязь
    aerodrome of departure
    аэродром вылета
    aerodrome of intended landing
    аэродром предполагаемой посадки
    aerodrome of origin
    аэродром приписки
    aircraft center - of - gravity
    центровка воздушного судна
    airport of departure
    аэропорт вылета
    airport of destination
    аэропорт назначения
    airport of entry
    аэропорт прилета
    allocation of duties
    распределение обязанностей
    allocation of frequencies
    распределение частот
    allotment of frequencies
    выделение частот
    alternative means of communication
    резервные средства связи
    amount of controls
    степень использования
    amount of feedback
    степень обратной связи
    amount of precipitation
    количество осадков
    angle of allowance
    угол упреждения
    angle of approach
    угол захода на посадку
    angle of approach light
    угол набора высоты
    angle of ascent
    угол набора высоты
    angle of attack
    угол атаки
    angle of climb
    угол набора высоты
    angle of coverage
    угол действия
    angle of crab
    угол сноса
    angle of descent
    угол снижения
    angle of deviation
    угол отклонения
    angle of dip
    угол магнитного склонения
    angle of dive
    угол пикирования
    angle of downwash
    угол скоса потока вниз
    angle of elevation
    угол места
    angle of exit
    угол схода
    angle of glide
    угол планирования
    angle of incidence
    угол атаки
    angle of indraft
    угол входа воздушной массы
    angle of lag
    угол отставания
    angle of landing
    посадочный угол
    angle of pitch
    угол тангажа
    angle of roll
    угол крена
    angle - of - sideslip transmitter
    датчик угла скольжения
    angle of sight
    угол прицеливания
    angle of slope
    угол наклона глиссады
    angle of stall
    угол сваливания
    angle of turn
    угол разворота
    angle of upwash
    угол скоса потока вверх
    angle of visibility
    угол обзора
    angle of yaw
    угол рыскания
    antimeridian of Greenwich
    меридиан, противоположный Гринвичскому
    apparent drift of the gyro
    кажущийся уход гироскопа
    application of tariffs
    применение тарифов
    approach rate of descent
    скорость снижения при заходе на посадку
    arc of a path
    дуга траектории
    arc of equal bearings
    дуга равных азимутов
    area of coverage
    зона действия
    area of coverage of the forecasts
    район обеспечения прогнозами
    area of occurence
    район происшествия
    area of responsibility
    зона ответственности
    arrest the development of the stall
    препятствовать сваливанию
    assessment of costs
    установление размеров расходов
    assignment of duties
    распределение обязанностей
    Association of European Airlines
    Ассоциация европейских авиакомпаний
    Association of South Pacific Airlines
    Ассоциация авиакомпаний южной части Тихого океана
    assumption of control message
    прием экипажем диспетчерского указания
    at a speed of
    на скорости
    at the end of
    в конце цикла
    at the end of segment
    в конце участка
    (полета) at the end of stroke
    в конце хода
    (поршня) at the start of cycle
    в начале цикла
    at the start of segment
    в начале участка
    (полета) aviation-to-aviation type of interference
    помехи от авиационных объектов
    avoidance of collisions
    предотвращение столкновений
    avoidance of hazardous conditions
    предупреждение опасных условий полета
    axial of bank
    продольная ось
    axis of precession
    ось прецессии гироскопа
    axis of roll
    продольная ось
    axis of rotation
    ось вращения
    axis of yaw
    вертикальная ось
    backward movement of the stick
    взятие ручки на себя
    be out of trim
    быть разбалансированным
    best rate of climb
    наибольшая скороподъемность
    bias out of view
    выходить из поля зрения
    bill of entry
    таможенная декларация
    bill of lading
    грузовая накладная
    blanketing of controls
    затенение рулей
    body of compass card
    диск картушки компаса
    boundary of the area
    граница зоны
    Bureau of Administration and Services
    Административно-хозяйственное управление
    camber of a profile
    кривизна профиля
    care of passengers
    обслуживание пассажиров
    carriage of passengers
    перевозка пассажиров
    carry out a circuit of the aerodrome
    выполнять круг полета над аэродромом
    cause of aircraft trouble
    причина неисправности воздушного судна
    center of air pressure
    центр аэродинамического давления
    center of depression
    центр низкого давления
    center of force
    центр приложения силы
    center of gravity
    центр тяжести
    center of mass
    центр масс
    center of pressure
    центр давления
    Central Agency of Air Service
    Главное агентство воздушных сообщений
    certificate of revaccination
    сертификат ревакцинации
    certificate of safety for flight
    свидетельство о допуске к полетам
    certificate of vaccination
    сертификат вакцинации
    choice of field
    выбор посадочной площадки
    class of lift
    класс посадки
    clearance of goods
    таможенное разрешение на провоз
    clearance of obstacles
    безопасная высота пролета препятствий
    clearance of the aircraft
    разрешение воздушному судну
    coefficient of heat transfer
    коэффициент теплопередачи
    come clear of the ground
    отрываться от земли
    complex type of aircraft
    комбинированный тип воздушного судна
    composition of a crew
    состав экипажа
    concept of separation
    эшелонирование
    conditions of carriage
    условия перевозок
    cone of rays
    пучок лучей
    congestion of information
    насыщенность информации
    continuity of guidance
    непрерывность наведения
    contour of perceived noise
    контур воспринимаемого шума
    control of an investigation
    контроль за ходом расследования
    correlation of levels
    приведение эшелонов в соответствие
    country of arrival
    страна прилета
    country of origin
    страна вылета
    course of training
    курс подготовки
    coverage of the chart
    картографируемый район
    curve of equal bearings
    линия равных азимутов
    danger of collisions
    опасность столкновения
    degree of accuracy
    степень точности
    degree of freedom
    степень свободы
    degree of skill
    уровень квалификации
    degree of stability
    степень устойчивости
    denial of carriage
    отказ в перевозке
    Department of Transportation
    Министерство транспорта
    derivation of operating data
    расчет эксплуатационных параметров
    determination of cause
    установление причины
    determine amount of the error
    определять величину девиации
    determine the extent of damage
    определять степень повреждения
    determine the sign of deviation
    определять знак девиации
    development of the stall
    процесс сваливания
    direction of approach
    направление захода на посадку
    direction of rotation
    направление вращения
    direction of turn
    направление разворота
    duration of noise effect
    продолжительность воздействия шума
    elevation of the strip
    превышение летной полосы
    elevation setting of light units
    установка углов возвышения глиссадных огней
    eliminate the cause of
    устранять причину
    eliminate the source of danger
    устранять источник опасности
    (для воздушного движения) end of runway
    начало ВПП
    enforce rules of the air
    обеспечивать соблюдение правил полетов
    en-route change of level
    изменение эшелона на маршруте
    erection of the gyro
    восстановление гироскопа
    estimated position of aircraft
    расчетное положение воздушного судна
    estimated time of arrival
    расчетное время прибытия
    estimated time of departure
    расчетное время вылета
    estimated time of flight
    расчетное время полета
    even use of fuel
    равномерная выработка топлива
    extension of ticket validity
    продление срока годности билета
    extent of damage
    степень повреждения
    facilitate rapid clearance of
    обеспечивать быстрое освобождение
    factor of safety
    уровень безопасности
    filing of statistical data
    представление статистических данных
    first freedom of the air
    первая степень свободы воздуха
    first type of occurence
    первый тип события
    flow of air traffic
    поток воздушного движения
    fly under the supervision of
    летать под контролем
    for reasons of safety
    в целях безопасности
    freedom of action
    свобода действий
    freedom of the air
    степень свободы воздуха
    frequency of operations
    частота полетов
    gathering of information
    сбор информации
    general conditions of carriage
    основные условия перевозки
    General Conference of Weights and Measure
    Генеральная конференция по мерам и весам
    General Department of International Air Services of Aeroflot
    Центральное управление международных воздушных сообщений гражданской авиации
    get out of control
    терять управление
    given conditions of flight
    заданные условия полета
    go out of control
    становиться неуправляемым
    go out of the spin
    выходить из штопора
    grade of service
    категория обслуживания
    grade of the pilot licence
    класс пилотского свидетельства
    grading of runway
    нивелирование ВПП
    height at start of retraction
    высота начала уборки
    hover at the height of
    зависать на высоте
    identification of signals
    опознавание сигналов
    inconventional type of aircraft
    нестандартный тип воздушного судна
    increase a camber of the profile
    увеличивать кривизну профиля
    indication of a request
    обозначение запроса
    in interests of safety
    в интересах безопасности
    initial rate of climb
    начальная скороподъемность
    initial stage of go-around
    начальный участок ухода на второй круг
    inlet angle of attack
    угол атаки заборного устройства
    intake angle of attack
    угол атаки воздухозаборника
    integrated system of airspace control
    комплексная система контроля воздушного пространства
    interception of civil aircraft
    перехват гражданского воздушного судна
    International Co-ordinating Council of Aerospace Industries Association
    Международный координационный совет ассоциаций авиакосмической промышленности
    International Council of Aircraft Owner and Pilot Associations
    Международный совет ассоциаций владельцев воздушных судов и пилотов
    International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations
    Международная федерация ассоциаций линейных пилотов
    International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers' Associations
    Международная федерация ассоциаций авиадиспетчеров
    International Relations Department of the Ministry of Civil Aviation
    Управление внешних сношений Министерства гражданской авиации
    interpretation of the signal
    расшифровка сигнала
    interpretation of weather chart
    чтение метеорологической карты
    intersection of air routes
    пересечение воздушных трасс
    in the case of delay
    в случае задержки
    in the event of a mishap
    в случае происшествия
    in the event of malfunction
    в случая отказа
    introduction of the corrections
    ввод поправок
    keep clear of rotor blades
    остерегаться лопастей несущего винта
    keep clear of the aircraft
    держаться на безопасном расстоянии от воздушного судна
    keep out of the way
    не занимать трассу
    layout of aerodrome markings
    маркировка аэродрома
    layout of controls
    расположение органов управления
    lessee of an aircraft
    арендатор воздушного судна
    level of airworthiness
    уровень летной годности
    level of safety
    уровень безопасности
    level of speech interference
    уровень помех речевой связи
    limiting range of mass
    предел ограничения массы
    line of flight
    линия полета
    line of position
    линия положения
    line of sight
    линия визирования
    location of distress
    район бедствия
    loss of control
    потеря управления
    loss of pressurization
    разгерметизация
    loss of strength
    потеря прочности
    magnetic orientation of runway
    ориентировка ВПП по магнитному меридиану
    margin of error
    допуск на погрешность
    margin of lift
    запас подъемной силы
    margin of safety
    допустимый уровень безопасности
    margin of stability
    запас устойчивости
    marking of pavements
    маркировка покрытия
    mean scale of the chart
    средний масштаб карты
    means of communication
    средства связи
    means of identification
    средства опознавания
    meridian of Greenwich
    гринвичский меридиан
    method of steepest descent
    способ резкого снижения
    mode of flight
    режим полета
    moment of inertia
    момент инерции
    moment of momentum
    момент количества движения
    name-code of the route
    кодирование названия маршрута
    onset of wind
    резкий порыв ветра
    operation of aircraft
    эксплуатация воздушного судна
    out of ground effect
    вне зоны влияния земли
    out of service
    изъятый из эксплуатации
    overshoot capture of the glide slope
    поздний захват глиссадного луча
    period of rating currency
    период действия квалифицированной отметки
    personal property of passengers
    личные вещи пассажиров
    pilot's field of view
    поле зрения пилота
    plane of rotation
    плоскость вращения
    plane of symmetry of the aeroplane
    плоскость симметрии самолета
    point of arrival
    пункт прилета
    point of call
    пункт выхода на связь
    point of departure
    пункт вылета
    point of destination
    пункт назначения
    point of discontinuity
    точка разрыва
    point of intersection
    точка пересечения
    point of loading
    пункт погрузки
    point of no return
    рубеж возврата
    point of origin
    пункт вылета
    point of turn-around
    рубеж разворота
    point of unloading
    пункт выгрузки
    portion of a flight
    отрезок полета
    portion of a runway
    участок ВПП
    prevention of collisions
    предотвращение столкновений
    primary element of structure
    основной элемент конструкции
    prohibition of landing
    запрещение посадки
    prolongation of the rating
    продление срока действия квалификационной отметки
    promotion of safety
    обеспечение безопасности полетов
    proof of compliance
    доказательство соответствия
    propagation of sound
    распространение шума
    protection of evidence
    сохранение вещественных доказательств
    pull out of the spin
    выводить из штопора
    pull the aircraft out of
    брать штурвал на себя
    radar transfer of control
    передача радиолокационного диспетчерского управления
    radius of curvature
    радиус кривизны
    range of coverage
    радиус действия
    range of motion
    диапазон отклонения
    range of revolutions
    диапазон оборотов
    range of visibility
    дальность видимости
    range of vision
    дальность обзора
    rate of climb
    скороподъемность
    rate of closure
    скорость сближения
    rate of descent
    скорость снижения
    rate of disagreement
    скорость рассогласования
    rate of duty
    скорость таможенной пошлины
    rate of exchange
    курс обмена валюты
    rate of flaps motion
    скорость отклонения закрылков
    rate of growth
    темп роста
    rate of pitch
    скорость по тангажу
    rate of roll
    скорость крена
    rate of sideslip
    скорость бокового скольжения
    rate of trim
    скорость балансировки
    rate of turn
    скорость разворота
    rate of yaw
    скорость рыскания
    reception of telephony
    прием телефонных сообщений
    record of amendments
    лист учета поправок
    record of revisions
    внесение поправок
    regularity of operations
    регулярность полетов
    relay of messages
    передача сообщений
    release of control
    передача управления
    removal of aircraft
    удаление воздушного судна
    removal of limitations
    отмена ограничений
    replacement of parts
    замена деталей
    representative of a carrier
    представитель перевозчика
    reservation of a seat
    бронирование места
    retirement of aircraft
    списание воздушного судна
    right - of - entry
    преимущественное право входа
    roll out of the turn
    выходить из разворота
    rules of the air
    правила полетов
    safe handling of an aircraft
    безопасное управление воздушным судном
    second freedom of the air
    вторая степень свободы воздуха
    second type of occurence
    второй тип события
    selection of engine mode
    выбор режима работы двигателя
    sequence of fuel usage
    очередность выработки топлива
    (по группам баков) sequence of operation
    последовательность выполнения операций
    showers of rain and snow
    ливневый дождь со снегом
    simultaneous use of runways
    одновременная эксплуатация нескольких ВПП
    site of occurrence
    место происшествия
    slope of level
    наклон кривой уровня
    (шумов) source of danger
    источник опасности
    Standing Committee of Performance
    Постоянный комитет по летно-техническим характеристикам
    start of leveloff
    начало выравнивания
    start of takeoff
    начало разбега при взлете
    state of aircraft manufacture
    государство - изготовитель воздушного судна
    state of discharge
    степень разряженности
    (аккумулятора) state of emergency
    аварийное состояние
    state of occurence
    государство места события
    state of transit
    государство транзита
    steadiness of approach
    устойчивость при заходе на посадку
    steady rate of climb
    установившаяся скорость набора высоты
    structure of fronts
    структура атмосферных фронтов
    submission of a flight plan
    представление плана полета
    system of monitoring visual aids
    система контроля за работой визуальных средств
    (на аэродроме) system of units
    система единиц
    (измерения) table of cruising levels
    таблица крейсерских эшелонов
    table of intensity settings
    таблица регулировки интенсивности
    table of limits
    таблица ограничений
    table of tolerance
    таблица допусков
    take out of service
    снимать с эксплуатации
    target level of safety
    заданный уровень безопасности полетов
    temporary loss of control
    временная потеря управляемости
    termination of control
    прекращение диспетчерского обслуживания
    theory of flight
    теория полета
    time of lag
    время запаздывания
    time of origin
    время отправления
    titl of the gyro
    завал гироскопа
    top of climb
    конечный участок набора высоты
    transfer of control
    передача диспетчерского управления
    transmission of telephony
    передача радиотелефонных сообщений
    transmit on frequency of
    вести передачу на частоте
    triangle of velocities
    треугольник скоростей
    under any kind of engine failure
    при любом отказе двигателя
    uneven use of fuel
    неравномерная выработка топлива
    unit of measurement
    единица измерения
    velocity of sound
    скорость звука
    wall of overpressure
    фронт избыточного давления
    warn of danger
    предупреждать об опасности
    within the frame of
    в пределах
    working language of ICAO
    рабочий язык ИКАО
    zone of intersection
    зона пересечения
    zone of silence
    зона молчания

    English-Russian aviation dictionary > of

  • 13 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 14 make

    meik
    1. past tense, past participle - made; verb
    1) (to create, form or produce: God made the Earth; She makes all her own clothes; He made it out of paper; to make a muddle/mess of the job; to make lunch/coffee; We made an arrangement/agreement/deal/bargain.) hacer, construir, fabricar
    2) (to compel, force or cause (a person or thing to do something): They made her do it; He made me laugh.) hacer, obligar
    3) (to cause to be: I made it clear; You've made me very unhappy.) hacer, poner, volver
    4) (to gain or earn: He makes $100 a week; to make a profit.) ganar, hacer
    5) ((of numbers etc) to add up to; to amount to: 2 and 2 make(s) 4.) ser, equivaler
    6) (to become, turn into, or be: He'll make an excellent teacher.) ser, hacer
    7) (to estimate as: I make the total 483.) calcular
    8) (to appoint, or choose, as: He was made manager.) nombrar, elegir
    9) (used with many nouns to give a similar meaning to that of the verb from which the noun is formed: He made several attempts (= attempted several times); They made a left turn (= turned left); He made (= offered) a suggestion/proposal; Have you any comments to make?) hacer

    2. noun
    (a (usually manufacturer's) brand: What make is your new car?) marca
    - making
    - make-believe
    - make-over
    - makeshift
    - make-up
    - have the makings of
    - in the making
    - make a/one's bed
    - make believe
    - make do
    - make for
    - make it
    - make it up
    - make something of something
    - make of something
    - make something of
    - make of
    - make out
    - make over
    - make up
    - make up for
    - make up one's mind
    - make up to

    make1 n marca
    what make is your watch? ¿de qué marca es tu reloj? / ¿cuál es la marca de tu reloj?
    make2 vb
    1. hacer
    have you made your bed? ¿te has hecho la cama?
    2. fabricar / producir
    3. ser
    tr[meɪk]
    1 (brand) marca
    what make of car did you buy? ¿de qué marca es el coche que compraste?
    transitive verb (pt & pp made, ger making)
    1 (produce - gen) hacer; (construct) construir; (manufacture) fabricar; (create) crear; (prepare) preparar
    have you made a list? ¿has hecho una lista?
    she made some sandwiches hizo unos bocadillos, preparó unos bocadillos
    stop making all that noise! ¡dejad de hacer tanto ruido!
    2 (carry out, perform) hacer
    may I make a suggestion? ¿puedo hacer una sugerencia?
    3 (cause to be) hacer, poner, volver
    4 (force, compel) hacer, obligar; (cause to do) hacer
    what makes you say that? ¿por qué dices eso?
    5 (be, become) ser, hacer; (cause to be) hacer, convertir en
    she'll make a good singer será buena cantante, tiene madera de cantante
    6 (earn) ganar, hacer
    she made 1,000 pounds last week ganó 1.000 libras la semana pasada
    7 (achieve) conseguir, alcanzar; (arrive at, reach) alcanzar, llegar a; (manage to attend) poder (ir)
    we made it! ¡lo conseguimos!
    8 (appoint) nombrar; (elect) elegir
    9 (calculate, estimate, reckon) calcular
    how much do you make it? ¿a ti cuánto te da?
    what time do you make it? ¿qué hora tienes?
    10 (total, equal) ser, equivaler a
    that makes the third time you've asked me! ¡es la tercera vez que me lo preguntas!
    11 (complete, finish off) dar el toque final a, completar; (assure success of) consagrar
    1 (to be about to) hacer como, hacer ademán de, simular
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be on the make (for profit) andar tras el dinero, andar intentando sacar tajada 2 (for power) barrer para dentro, barrer para casa 3 (for sex) estar de ligue, andar buscando aventuras
    to make a fresh start volver a empezar
    to make a go of something sacar algo adelante
    to make a loss perder dinero
    to make a name for oneself hacerse un nombre
    to make a profit ganar dinero
    to make a will hacer su testamento
    to make believe hacer ver, imaginarse
    to make do (with something) arreglárselas (con algo)
    to make friends hacer amigos
    to make fun of burlarse de
    to make it a rule to do something tener como norma hacer algo
    to make good triunfar
    to make something good (pay for, replace) pagar 2 (carry out, fulfil) cumplir con 3 (repair) arreglar
    to make it (be successful) tener éxito, llegar hasta arriba
    to make like hacer ver, fingir
    to make nothing of something (achieve easily) hacer algo sin ningún problema 2 (treat as trifling) quitar importancia a algo
    to make or break somebody/something significar la consagración o la ruina de alguien/algo
    to make sense tener sentido
    to make somebody's day alegrarle el día a alguien
    to make something clear aclarar algo, dejar algo claro
    to make something known dar a conocer algo
    to make sure (of something) asegurarse (de algo)
    to make the best/most of something sacar partido de algo
    to make the bed hacer la cama
    make ['meɪk] v, made ['meɪd;] ; making vt
    1) create: hacer
    to make noise: hacer ruido
    2) fashion, manufacture: hacer, fabricar
    she made a dress: hizo un vestido
    3) devise, form: desarrollar, elaborar, formar
    4) constitute: hacer, constituir
    made of stone: hecho de piedra
    5) prepare: hacer, preparar
    6) render: hacer, poner
    it makes him nervous: lo pone nervioso
    to make someone happy: hacer feliz a alguien
    it made me sad: me dio pena
    7) perform: hacer
    to make a gesture: hacer un gesto
    8) compel: hacer, forzar, obligar
    9) earn: ganar
    to make a living: ganarse la vida
    make vi
    1) head: ir, dirigirse
    we made for home: nos fuimos a casa
    2)
    to make do : arreglárselas
    3)
    to make good repay: pagar
    4)
    to make good succeed: tener éxito
    make n
    brand: marca f
    n.
    fabricación s.f.
    hechura s.f.
    marca s.f.
    modelo s.m.
    make (sth.) apparent
    expr.
    hacer resaltar expr.
    make (sth.) stand out
    expr.
    hacer resaltar expr.
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: made) = confeccionar v.
    constituir v.
    crear v.
    fabricar v.
    formar v.
    hacer v.
    (§pres: hago, haces...) pret: hic-
    pp: hecho
    fut/c: har-•)

    I
    1. meɪk
    1) (past & past p made) transitive verb
    2) (create, produce) \<\<paint/cars\>\> hacer*, fabricar*; \<\<dress\>\> hacer*, confeccionar (frml); \<\<meal/cake/sandwich/coffee\>\> hacer*, preparar; \<\<film\>\> hacer*, rodar; \<\<record\>\> grabar; \<\<fire/nest/hole\>\> hacer*; \<\<list/will\>\> hacer*

    to make a noise — hacer* ruido

    made in Spain/Mexico — hecho or fabricado en España/México

    made in Argentina/Peru — industria or fabricación argentina/peruana

    to make something into something: I'll make this material into a skirt con esta tela me haré una falda; to make something out of/from/of something: she made the dress out of an old sheet se hizo el vestido con/de una sábana vieja; we made another meal from the leftovers hicimos otra comida con las sobras; it's made of wood/plastic es de madera/plástico; don't make an enemy of her — no te la eches encima como enemiga; see also difference 1) b), fuss I, mess I 1), 2)

    3)
    a) ( carry out) \<\<repairs/changes/payment\>\> hacer*, efectuar* (frml); \<\<preparations/arrangements\>\> hacer*; \<\<journey\>\> hacer*

    make a left (turn) here — (AmE) dobla or gira a la izquierda aquí

    b) \<\<remark/announcement\>\> hacer*

    I'll make you happy/rich — te haré feliz/rica

    the work made me thirsty/sleepy — el trabajo me dio sed/sueño

    what makes me angry is... — lo que me da rabia es...

    they've made him supervisor — lo han nombrado supervisor, lo han ascendido a supervisor

    if nine o'clock is too early, make it later — si las nueve es muy temprano, podemos reunirnos (or encontrarnos etc) más tarde

    two large pizzas..., no, make that three — dos pizzas grandes..., no, mire, mejor déme tres

    5)
    a) ( cause to) hacer*

    whatever made you do it? — ¿por qué lo hiciste?, ¿qué te llevó a hacer eso?

    b) ( compel) obligar* a, hacer*

    she was made to apologizela obligaron a or la hicieron pedir perdón

    to make believe: you can't just make believe it never happened no puedes pretender que no sucedió, no puedes hacer como si no hubiera sucedido; to make do (with something), to make something do — arreglárselas con algo

    6)
    a) (constitute, be) ser*
    b) (equal, amount to) ser*

    five plus five makes tencinco y or más cinco son diez

    7) ( calculate)

    what do you make the total? — ¿(a ti) cuánto te da?

    what time do you make it, what do you make the time? — ¿qué hora tienes?

    8) ( make fuss)
    9)

    to make something of something: I could make nothing of the message no entendí el mensaje; make of that what you will — tú saca tus propias conclusiones

    b) ( think)

    to make something of somebody/something: what did you make of him? ¿qué te pareció?; I don't know what to make of it — no sé qué pensar

    10)
    a) (gain, earn) \<\<money\>\> hacer*

    they made a loss/profit — perdieron/ganaron dinero

    they made a profit of $20,000 — ganaron or sacaron 20.000 dólares

    how much did you make on the deal? — ¿cuánto sacaste or ganaste con el trato?

    b) ( acquire) \<\<friends\>\> hacer*

    I made a few acquaintances thereconocí a or (frml) trabé conocimiento con algunas personas allí

    to make a name for oneself — hacerse* un nombre

    11) (colloq) (manage to attend, reach)

    to make it: he'll never make it as a doctor nunca será un buen médico; they made it through to the finals — llegaron a la final

    if you go to Harvard, you're made for life — si vas a Harvard, tienes el futuro asegurado

    to make or break something/somebody — ser* el éxito o la ruina de algo/alguien


    2.
    vi

    to make as if o as though to + inf — hacer* ademán de + inf

    2) (move, proceed)

    they made toward the door — se dirigieron hacia la puerta; see also make for

    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    1) ( brand) marca f

    what make is it? — ¿de qué marca es?

    2)

    to be on the make — (colloq) ( out for gain) estar* intentando sacar tajada (fam); ( looking for a date) estar* de ligue or (AmS) de levante or (Chi) de pinche (fam)

    [meɪk] (pt, pp made) When make is part of a set combination, eg make an attempt, make a bow, make a case, make sure, look up the other word.
    1. TRANSITIVE VERB
    1) (=create, prepare) [+ fire, bed, tea, will, remark, plan, suggestion] hacer; [+ dress] hacer, confeccionar; [+ shelter] construir; [+ meal] hacer, preparar; [+ record] grabar; [+ film] rodar; (=manufacture) [+ tool, machine] fabricar, hacer

    "made in Spain" — [+ tool, machine] "fabricado en España"; [+ dress] "confeccionado en España"; [+ nougat, chocolate] "elaborado en España"

    they were made for each other — estaban hechos el uno para el otro

    we had the curtains made to measurenos hicieron las cortinas a medida

    it's made of gold — es de oro, está hecho de oro

    show 2., 4)
    2) (=carry out) [+ journey, effort] hacer; [+ speech] pronunciar; [+ payment] efectuar; [+ error] cometer
    3) (=earn) ganar

    how much do you make? — ¿cuánto ganas?

    he makes £350 a week — gana 350 libras a la semana

    the deal made him £500 — ganó 500 libras con el negocio, el negocio le reportó 500 libras

    4) (=reach, achieve) [+ place] llegar a

    will we make Paris before lunch? — ¿llegaremos a París antes de la hora de comer?

    Lara made a hundred — (Cricket) Lara hizo or se anotó 100 carreras

    we made it just in time — llegamos justo a tiempo

    can you make it by 10? — ¿puedes llegar a las 10?

    sorry, I can't make it — lo siento, no puedo or no me va bien

    do you think he'll make (it to) university? — ¿crees que conseguirá ir a la universidad?

    to make it with sb * (sexually) hacérselo con algn *

    to make land — (Naut) llegar a tierra

    to make port — (Naut) tomar puerto

    5) (=say, agree)

    another beer, please, no, make that two — otra cerveza por favor, no, que sean dos

    6) (=cause to succeed)

    to make or break sth/sb —

    sex can make or break a relationship — el sexo es determinante en una relación, el sexo puede afianzar una relación o hacer que fracase

    7) (=constitute)

    he'll make somebody a good husbandva a ser or hará un buen marido para algn

    it'll make a (nice) change not to have to cook every day — lo de no tener que cocinar cada día estará muy bien, ¡qué descanso, no tener que cocinar cada día!

    they make a lovely couplehacen muy buena pareja

    he'll make a good footballer — será buen futbolista

    it makes pleasant readinges una lectura amena

    it still doesn't make a settodavía no completa un juego entero

    it made a nice surprisefue una sorpresa agradable

    8) (=equal)

    how much does that make (altogether)? — ¿a cuánto sube (en total)?

    9) (=calculate) calcular

    what do you make the total? — ¿cuánto calculas que es el total?

    how many do you make it? — ¿cuántos calculas que hay?

    what time do you make it, what do you make the time? — ¿qué hora tienes?

    10) (Cards) [+ trick] ganar, hacer; (Bridge) [+ contract] cumplir
    to make sb sth (=cause to be) to make sb/sth ({+ adjective/past participle}28})

    to make o.s. heard — hacerse oír

    the noise made concentration difficult or made it difficult to concentrate — con ese ruido era difícil concentrarse

    why make things difficult for yourself? — ¿por qué te complicas la vida?

    ill 1., 1), sick 1., 2), unhappy to make sth/sb into sth convertir algo/a algn en algo to make sb do sth (=cause to do sth) hacer a algn hacer algo; (=force to do sth) hacer a algn hacer algo, obligar a algn a hacer algo

    to make sb laugh/cry — hacer reír/llorar a algn

    now look what you've made me do! — ¡mira lo que me has hecho hacer!

    what made you say that? — ¿cómo se te ocurrió decir eso?, ¿por qué dijiste eso?

    what makes you do it? — ¿qué es lo que te lleva a hacerlo?

    it makes you think, doesn't it? — da que pensar ¿no?

    he made me apologize to the teacherme hizo pedir perdón or me obligó a pedir perdón al profesor

    to make o.s. do sth obligarse a hacer algo

    I have to make myself (do it) — tengo que obligarme (a hacerlo), tengo que hacer un esfuerzo (por hacerlo)

    to make sth do, make [do] with sth arreglárselas or apañárselas con algo to make good [+ promise] cumplir; [+ accusation] hacer bueno, probar; [+ claim] justificar; [+ loss] compensar; [+ damage] reparar; (=pay) pagar make 2. to make sth of sth (=understand)

    what do you make of Anna? — ¿qué piensas de Anna?, ¿qué te parece Anna?

    what do you make of this? — ¿qué te parece esto?

    I can't make anything of this letter — no entiendo nada de lo que pone esta carta, no saco nada en claro de esta carta

    (=give importance to) issue 1., 1)
    2.
    INTRANSITIVE VERB (in set expressions)

    to make after sb — perseguir a algn, correr tras algn

    he made as if to — + infin hizo como si + subjun, hizo ademán de + infin

    he made as if to strike me — hizo como si me fuera a pegar, hizo ademán de pegarme

    to make good[ex-criminal] rehabilitar, reformar

    he was making like he didn't have any money — (US) * hacía como si no tuviera dinero

    3.
    NOUN (=brand) marca f

    what make of car was it? — ¿qué marca de coche era?

    - be on the make
    * * *

    I
    1. [meɪk]
    1) (past & past p made) transitive verb
    2) (create, produce) \<\<paint/cars\>\> hacer*, fabricar*; \<\<dress\>\> hacer*, confeccionar (frml); \<\<meal/cake/sandwich/coffee\>\> hacer*, preparar; \<\<film\>\> hacer*, rodar; \<\<record\>\> grabar; \<\<fire/nest/hole\>\> hacer*; \<\<list/will\>\> hacer*

    to make a noise — hacer* ruido

    made in Spain/Mexico — hecho or fabricado en España/México

    made in Argentina/Peru — industria or fabricación argentina/peruana

    to make something into something: I'll make this material into a skirt con esta tela me haré una falda; to make something out of/from/of something: she made the dress out of an old sheet se hizo el vestido con/de una sábana vieja; we made another meal from the leftovers hicimos otra comida con las sobras; it's made of wood/plastic es de madera/plástico; don't make an enemy of her — no te la eches encima como enemiga; see also difference 1) b), fuss I, mess I 1), 2)

    3)
    a) ( carry out) \<\<repairs/changes/payment\>\> hacer*, efectuar* (frml); \<\<preparations/arrangements\>\> hacer*; \<\<journey\>\> hacer*

    make a left (turn) here — (AmE) dobla or gira a la izquierda aquí

    b) \<\<remark/announcement\>\> hacer*

    I'll make you happy/rich — te haré feliz/rica

    the work made me thirsty/sleepy — el trabajo me dio sed/sueño

    what makes me angry is... — lo que me da rabia es...

    they've made him supervisor — lo han nombrado supervisor, lo han ascendido a supervisor

    if nine o'clock is too early, make it later — si las nueve es muy temprano, podemos reunirnos (or encontrarnos etc) más tarde

    two large pizzas..., no, make that three — dos pizzas grandes..., no, mire, mejor déme tres

    5)
    a) ( cause to) hacer*

    whatever made you do it? — ¿por qué lo hiciste?, ¿qué te llevó a hacer eso?

    b) ( compel) obligar* a, hacer*

    she was made to apologizela obligaron a or la hicieron pedir perdón

    to make believe: you can't just make believe it never happened no puedes pretender que no sucedió, no puedes hacer como si no hubiera sucedido; to make do (with something), to make something do — arreglárselas con algo

    6)
    a) (constitute, be) ser*
    b) (equal, amount to) ser*

    five plus five makes tencinco y or más cinco son diez

    7) ( calculate)

    what do you make the total? — ¿(a ti) cuánto te da?

    what time do you make it, what do you make the time? — ¿qué hora tienes?

    8) ( make fuss)
    9)

    to make something of something: I could make nothing of the message no entendí el mensaje; make of that what you will — tú saca tus propias conclusiones

    b) ( think)

    to make something of somebody/something: what did you make of him? ¿qué te pareció?; I don't know what to make of it — no sé qué pensar

    10)
    a) (gain, earn) \<\<money\>\> hacer*

    they made a loss/profit — perdieron/ganaron dinero

    they made a profit of $20,000 — ganaron or sacaron 20.000 dólares

    how much did you make on the deal? — ¿cuánto sacaste or ganaste con el trato?

    b) ( acquire) \<\<friends\>\> hacer*

    I made a few acquaintances thereconocí a or (frml) trabé conocimiento con algunas personas allí

    to make a name for oneself — hacerse* un nombre

    11) (colloq) (manage to attend, reach)

    to make it: he'll never make it as a doctor nunca será un buen médico; they made it through to the finals — llegaron a la final

    if you go to Harvard, you're made for life — si vas a Harvard, tienes el futuro asegurado

    to make or break something/somebody — ser* el éxito o la ruina de algo/alguien


    2.
    vi

    to make as if o as though to + inf — hacer* ademán de + inf

    2) (move, proceed)

    they made toward the door — se dirigieron hacia la puerta; see also make for

    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    1) ( brand) marca f

    what make is it? — ¿de qué marca es?

    2)

    to be on the make — (colloq) ( out for gain) estar* intentando sacar tajada (fam); ( looking for a date) estar* de ligue or (AmS) de levante or (Chi) de pinche (fam)

    English-spanish dictionary > make

  • 15 the

    abandon the takeoff
    прекращать взлет
    abeam the left pilot position
    на левом траверзе
    abeam the right pilot position
    на правом траверзе
    abort the flight
    прерывать полет
    abort the takeoff
    прерывать взлет
    above the glide slope
    выше глиссады
    absorb the shock energy
    поглощать энергию удара
    accelerate the rotor
    раскручивать ротор
    accelerate to the speed
    разгонять до скорости
    adhere to the flight plan
    придерживаться плана полета
    adhere to the track
    придерживаться заданного курса
    adjust the cable
    регулировать трос
    adjust the compass
    устранять девиацию компаса
    adjust the engine
    регулировать двигатель до заданных параметров
    adjust the heading
    корректировать курс
    advice to follow the controller's advance
    выполнять указание диспетчера
    affect the regularity
    влиять на регулярность
    affect the safety
    влиять на безопасность
    align the aircraft
    устанавливать воздушное судно
    align the aircraft with the center line
    устанавливать воздушное судно по оси
    align the aircraft with the runway
    устанавливать воздушное судно по оси ВПП
    alter the heading
    менять курс
    amplify the signal
    усиливать сигнал
    apparent drift of the gyro
    кажущийся уход гироскопа
    apply the brake
    применять тормоз
    approach the beam
    приближаться к лучу
    approve the limitations
    утверждать ограничения
    approve the tariff
    утверждать тариф
    area of coverage of the forecasts
    район обеспечения прогнозами
    arrest the development of the stall
    препятствовать сваливанию
    arrive over the aerodrome
    прибывать в зону аэродрома
    assess the damage
    определять стоимость повреждения
    assess the distance
    оценивать расстояние
    assess the suitability
    оценивать пригодность
    assume the control
    брать управление на себя
    attain the power
    достигать заданной мощности
    attain the speed
    развивать заданную скорость
    at the end of
    в конце цикла
    at the end of segment
    в конце участка
    (полета) at the end of stroke
    в конце хода
    (поршня) at the ground level
    на уровне земли
    at the start of cycle
    в начале цикла
    at the start of segment
    в начале участка
    (полета) avoid the obstacle
    избегать столкновения с препятствием
    backward movement of the stick
    взятие ручки на себя
    balance the aircraft
    балансировать воздушное судно
    balance the control surface
    балансировать поверхность управления
    balance the propeller
    балансировать воздушный винт
    bear on the accident
    иметь отношение к происшествию
    before the turbine
    перед турбиной
    below the glide slope
    ниже глиссады
    below the landing minima
    ниже посадочного минимума
    bend the cotterpin ends
    загибать усики шплинта
    be off the track
    уклоняться от заданного курса
    be on the level on the hour
    занимать эшелон по нулям
    block the brake
    ставить на тормоз
    boundary of the area
    граница зоны
    brake the propeller
    стопорить воздушный винт
    break the journey
    прерывать полет
    bring the aircraft back
    возвращать воздушное судно
    bring the aircraft out
    выводить воздушное судно из крена
    by altering the heading
    путем изменения курса
    cage the gyroscope
    арретировать гироскоп
    calibrate the compass
    списывать девиацию компаса
    calibrate the indicator
    тарировать прибор
    calibrate the system
    тарировать систему
    calibrate the tank
    тарировать бак
    cancel the drift
    парировать снос
    cancel the flight
    отменять полет
    cancel the forecast
    аннулировать сообщенный прогноз
    cancel the signal
    прекращать подачу сигнала
    capture the beam
    захватывать луч
    carry out a circuit of the aerodrome
    выполнять круг полета над аэродромом
    carry out the flight
    выполнять полет
    center the autopilot
    центрировать автопилот
    center the wiper
    центрировать щетку
    change the frequency
    изменять частоту
    change the pitch
    изменять шаг
    change the track
    изменять линию пути
    check the reading
    проверять показания
    chop the power
    внезапно изменять режим
    circle the aerodrome
    летать по кругу над аэродромом
    clean the aircraft
    убирать механизацию крыла воздушного судна
    clean up the crack
    зачищать трещину
    clearance of the aircraft
    разрешение воздушному судну
    clearance over the threshold
    безопасная высота пролета порога
    clear for the left-hand turn
    давать разрешение на левый разворот
    clear the aircraft
    давать разрешение воздушному судну
    clear the obstacle
    устранять препятствие
    clear the point
    пролетать над заданной точкой
    clear the runway
    освобождать ВПП
    climb on the course
    набирать высоту при полете по курсу
    close the buckets
    закрывать створки
    close the circuit
    замыкать цепь
    close the flight
    заканчивать регистрацию на рейс
    come clear of the ground
    отрываться от земли
    commence the flight
    начинать полет
    commence the landing procedure
    начинать посадку
    compare the readings
    сравнивать показания
    compensate the compass
    устранять девиацию компаса
    compensate the error
    списывать девиацию
    compile the accident report
    составлять отчет об авиационном происшествии
    complete the circuit
    закольцовывать
    complete the flight
    завершать полет
    complete the flight plan
    составлять план полета
    complete the turn
    завершать разворот
    compute the visual range
    вычислять дальность видимости
    conditions beyond the experience
    условия, по сложности превосходящие квалификацию пилота
    conditions on the route
    условия по заданному маршруту
    considering the obstacles
    учет препятствий
    construct the procedure
    разрабатывать схему
    containerize the cargo
    упаковывать груз в контейнере
    continue operating on the fuel reserve
    продолжать полет на аэронавигационном запасе топлива
    continue the flight
    продолжать полет
    continue the takeoff
    продолжать взлет
    contribute towards the safety
    способствовать повышению безопасности
    control the aircraft
    управлять воздушным судном
    control the pitch
    управлять шагом
    convert the frequency
    преобразовывать частоту
    convey the information
    передавать информацию
    correct the trouble
    устранять отказ
    correspond with the operating minima
    соответствовать эксплуатационному минимуму
    counteract the rotor torque
    уравновешивать крутящий момент несущего винта
    coverage of the chart
    картографируемый район
    cover the route
    пробегать по полному маршруту
    crosscheck the readings
    сверять показания
    cross the airway
    пересекать авиатрассу
    data on the performance
    координаты характеристики
    decelerate in the flight
    гасить скорость в полете
    decelerate the aircraft to
    снижать скорость воздушного судна до
    decrease the deviation
    уменьшать величину отклонения от курса
    decrease the pitch
    уменьшать шаг
    decrease the speed
    уменьшать скорость
    de-energize the bus
    обесточивать шину
    define the failure
    определять причины отказа
    deflate the tire
    ослаблять давление в пневматике
    deflect the control surface
    отклонять поверхность управления
    (напр. элерон) delay the turn
    затягивать разворот
    delimit the runway
    обозначать границы ВПП
    delimit the taxiway
    обозначать границы рулежной дорожки
    delineate the runway
    очерчивать границы ВПП
    delineate the taxiway
    обозначать размеры рулежной дорожки
    deliver the baggage
    доставлять багаж
    deliver the clearance
    передавать разрешение
    denote the obstacle
    обозначать препятствие
    denoting the obstacle
    обозначение препятствия
    depart from the rules
    отступать от установленных правил
    departure from the standards
    отклонение от установленных стандартов
    depress the pedal
    нажимать на педаль
    detach the load
    отцеплять груз
    detach the wing
    отстыковывать крыло
    determinate the cause
    устанавливать причину
    determine amount of the error
    определять величину девиации
    determine the delay
    устанавливать время задержки
    determine the extent of damage
    определять степень повреждения
    determine the friction
    определять величину сцепления
    determine the sign of deviation
    определять знак девиации
    detract from the safety
    снижать безопасность
    development of the stall
    процесс сваливания
    deviate from the flight plan
    отклоняться от плана полета
    deviate from the glide slope
    отклоняться от глиссады
    deviate from the heading
    отклоняться от заданного курса
    deviation from the course
    отклонение от заданного курса
    deviation from the level flight
    отклонение от линии горизонтального полета
    discharge the cargo
    снимать груз в контейнере
    disclose the fares
    опубликовывать тарифы
    discontinue the takeoff
    прекращать взлет
    disengage the autopilot
    выключать автопилот
    displace the center-of-gravity
    изменять центровку
    disregard the indicator
    пренебрегать показаниями прибора
    disseminate the forecast
    распространять прогноз
    drain the tank
    сливать из бака
    draw the conclusion
    подготавливать заключение
    drift off the course
    сносить с курса
    drift off the heading
    уходить с заданного курса
    drop the nose
    сваливаться на нос
    duck below the glide path
    резко снижаться относительно глиссады
    ease the aircraft on
    выравнивать воздушное судно
    effect adversely the strength
    нарушать прочность
    (напр. фюзеляжа) elevation of the strip
    превышение летной полосы
    eliminate the cause of
    устранять причину
    eliminate the hazard
    устранять опасную ситуацию
    eliminate the ice formation
    устранять обледенение
    eliminate the source of danger
    устранять источник опасности
    (для воздушного движения) enable the aircraft to
    давать воздушному судну право
    endanger the aircraft
    создавать опасность для воздушного судна
    endange the safety
    угрожать безопасности
    endorse the license
    делать отметку в свидетельстве
    energize the bus
    подавать электропитание на шину
    enforce rules of the air
    обеспечивать соблюдение правил полетов
    engage the autopilot
    включать автопилот
    ensure the adequate provisions
    обеспечивать соответствующие меры предосторожности
    enter the aircraft
    заносить воздушное судно в реестр
    enter the aircraft stand
    заруливать на место стоянки воздушного судна
    enter the airway
    выходить на авиатрассу
    enter the final approach track
    выходить на посадочную прямую
    enter the spin
    входить в штопор
    enter the tariff into force
    утверждать тарифную ставку
    enter the traffic circuit
    входить в круг движения
    enter the turn
    входить в разворот
    entry into the aerodrome zone
    вход в зону аэродрома
    entry into the flare
    входить в этап выравнивания
    erection of the gyro
    восстановление гироскопа
    establish the characteristics
    устанавливать характеристики
    establish the flight conditions
    устанавливать режим полета
    establish the procedure
    устанавливать порядок
    exceeding the stalling angle
    выход на закритический угол атаки
    exceed the stop
    преодолевать упор
    execute the manoeuvre
    выполнять маневр
    execute the turn
    выполнять разворот
    expedite the clearance
    ускорять оформление
    express the altitude
    четко указывать высоту
    extend the agreement
    продлевать срок действия соглашения
    extend the landing gear
    выпускать шасси
    extend the legs
    выпускать шасси
    extreme aft the center-of-gravity
    предельная задняя центровка
    extreme forward the center-of-gravity
    предельная передняя центровка
    eye height over the threshold
    уровень положения глаз над порогом ВПП
    fail into the spin
    срываться в штопор
    fail to follow the procedure
    не выполнять установленную схему
    fail to observe the limitations
    не соблюдать установленные ограничения
    fail to provide the manuals
    не обеспечивать соответствующими инструкциями
    fall into the spin
    срываться в штопор
    feather the propeller
    ставить воздушный винт во флюгерное положение
    file the flight plan
    регистрировать план полета
    first freedom of the air
    первая степень свободы воздуха
    flight inbound the station
    полет в направлении на станцию
    flight outbound the station
    полет в направлении от станции
    flight over the high seas
    полет над открытым морем
    flight under the rules
    полет по установленным правилам
    fly above the weather
    летать над верхней кромкой облаков
    fly at the altitude
    летать на заданной высоте
    fly into the sun
    летать против солнца
    fly into the wind
    летать против ветра
    fly on the autopilot
    летать на автопилоте
    fly on the course
    летать по курсу
    fly on the heading
    летать по курсу
    fly the aircraft
    1. управлять самолетом
    2. пилотировать воздушное судно fly the beam
    лететь по лучу
    fly the circle
    летать по кругу
    fly the glide-slope beam
    летать по глиссадному лучу
    fly the great circle
    летать по ортодромии
    fly the heading
    выполнять полет по курсу
    fly the rhumb line
    летать по локсодромии
    fly under the autopilot
    пилотировать при помощи автопилота
    fly under the supervision of
    летать под контролем
    focus the light
    фокусировать фару
    follow the beam
    выдерживать направление по лучу
    follow the glide slope
    выдерживать глиссаду
    follow up the aircraft
    сопровождать воздушное судно
    forfeit the reservation
    лишать брони
    freedom of the air
    степень свободы воздуха
    fuel the tank
    заправлять бак топливом
    fulfil the conditions
    выполнять условия
    gain the air supremacy
    завоевывать господство в воздухе
    gain the altitude
    набирать заданную высоту
    gain the glide path
    входить в глиссаду
    gain the power
    достигать заданной мощность
    gain the speed
    развивать заданную скорость
    gather the speed
    наращивать скорость
    get into the aerodrome
    приземляться на аэродроме
    get on the course
    выходить на заданный курс
    get the height
    набирать заданную высоту
    give the way
    уступать трассу
    go out of the spin
    выходить из штопора
    govern the application
    регулировать применение
    govern the flight
    управлять ходом полета
    govern the operation
    руководить эксплуатацией
    grade of the pilot licence
    класс пилотского свидетельства
    guard the frequency
    прослушивать частоту
    handle the baggage
    обслуживать багаж
    handle the flight controls
    оперировать органами управления полетом
    have the runway in sight
    четко видеть ВПП
    head the aircraft into wind
    направлять воздушное судно против ветра
    hold on the heading
    выдерживать на заданном курсе
    hold over the aids
    выполнять полет в зоне ожидания
    hold over the beacon
    выполнять полет в режиме ожидания над аэродромом
    hold the aircraft on the heading
    выдерживать воздушное судно на заданном курсе
    hold the brake
    удерживать тормоза
    hold the heading on the compass
    выдерживать курс по компасу
    hold the position
    ожидать на месте
    hold the speed accurately
    точно выдерживать скорость
    hover at the height of
    зависать на высоте
    hovering in the ground effect
    висение в зоне влияния земли
    identify the aerodrome from the air
    опознавать аэродром с воздуха
    identify the aircraft
    опознавать воздушное судно
    identify the center line
    обозначать осевую линию
    impair the operation
    нарушать работу
    impair the safety
    снижать безопасность
    impose the limitations
    налагать ограничения
    in computing the fuel
    при расчете количества топлива
    in conformity with the specifications
    в соответствии с техническими условиями
    increase a camber of the profile
    увеличивать кривизну профиля
    increase the pitch
    увеличивать шаг
    increase the speed
    увеличивать скорость
    indicate the location from the air
    определять местоположение с воздуха
    inherent in the aircraft
    свойственный воздушному судну
    initiate the turn
    входить в разворот
    install in the aircraft
    устанавливать на борту воздушного судна
    install on the aircraft
    монтировать на воздушном судне
    intercept the beam
    выходить на ось луча
    intercept the glide slope
    захватывать луч глиссады
    International Relations Department of the Ministry of Civil Aviation
    Управление внешних сношений Министерства гражданской авиации
    interpretation of the signal
    расшифровка сигнала
    in the case of delay
    в случае задержки
    in the event of a mishap
    в случае происшествия
    in the event of malfunction
    в случая отказа
    introduction of the corrections
    ввод поправок
    issue the certificate
    выдавать сертификат
    jeopardize the flight
    подвергать полет опасности
    judge the safety
    оценивать степень опасности
    keep clear of the aircraft
    держаться на безопасном расстоянии от воздушного судна
    keep out of the way
    не занимать трассу
    keep tab on the fleet
    вести учет парка
    keep the aircraft on
    выдерживать воздушное судно
    keep the altitude
    выдерживать заданную высоту
    keep the ball centered
    держать шарик в центре
    keep the pace
    выдерживать дистанцию
    keep to the minima
    устанавливать минимум
    kick off the drift
    парировать снос
    kill the landing speed
    гасить посадочную скорость
    landing off the aerodrome
    посадка вне аэродрома
    land into the wind
    выполнять посадку против ветра
    land the aircraft
    приземлять воздушное судно
    latch the pitch stop
    устанавливать на упор шага
    (лопасти воздушного винта) latch the propeller flight stop
    ставить воздушный винт на полетный упор
    lateral the center-of-gravity
    поперечная центровка
    lay the route
    прокладывать маршрут
    lead in the aircraft
    заруливать воздушное судно
    lead out the aircraft
    выруливать воздушное судно
    leave the airspace
    покидать данное воздушное пространство
    leave the altitude
    уходить с заданной высоты
    leave the plane
    выходить из самолета
    leave the runway
    освобождать ВПП
    level the aircraft out
    выравнивать воздушное судно
    lie beyond the range
    находиться вне заданного предела
    line up the aircraft
    выруливать воздушное судно на исполнительный старт
    load the gear
    загружать редуктор
    load the generator
    нагружать генератор
    load the structure
    нагружать конструкцию
    lock the landing gear
    ставить шасси на замки
    lock the landing gear down
    ставить шасси на замок выпущенного положения
    lock the landing gear up
    ставить шасси на замок убранного положения
    lock the legs
    устанавливать шасси на замки выпущенного положения
    longitudinal the center-of-gravity
    продольная центровка
    lose the altitude
    терять высоту
    lose the speed
    терять заданную скорость
    loss the control
    терять управление
    lower the landing gear
    выпускать шасси
    lower the legs
    выпускать шасси
    lower the nose wheel
    опускать носовое колесо
    maintain the aircraft at readiness to
    держать воздушное судно готовым
    maintain the altitude
    выдерживать заданную высоту
    maintain the course
    выдерживать заданный курс
    maintain the flight level
    выдерживать заданный эшелон полета
    maintain the flight procedure
    выдерживать установленный порядок полетов
    maintain the flight watch
    выдерживать заданный график полета
    maintain the flying speed
    выдерживать требуемую скорость полета
    maintain the heading
    выдерживать заданный курс
    maintain the parameter
    выдерживать заданный параметр
    make a complaint against the company
    подавать жалобу на компанию
    make the aircraft airborne
    отрывать воздушное судно от земли
    make the course change
    изменять курс
    make the reservation
    забронировать место
    manipulate the flight controls
    оперировать органами управления полетом
    mark the obstacle
    маркировать препятствие
    mean scale of the chart
    средний масштаб карты
    meet the airworthiness standards
    удовлетворять нормам летной годности
    meet the conditions
    выполнять требования
    meet the specifications
    соблюдать технические условия
    misjudge the distance
    неправильно оценивать расстояние
    modify the flight plan
    уточнять план полета
    monitor the flight
    следить за полетом
    monitor the frequency
    контролировать заданную частоту
    moor the aircraft
    швартовать воздушное судно
    mount on the frame
    монтировать на шпангоуте
    move off from the rest
    страгивать с места
    move the blades to higher
    утяжелять воздушный винт
    move the pedal forward
    давать педаль вперед
    name-code of the route
    кодирование названия маршрута
    neglect the indicator
    не учитывать показания прибора
    note the instrument readings
    отмечать показания приборов
    note the time
    засекать время
    observe the conditions
    соблюдать условия
    observe the instruments
    следить за показаниями приборов
    observe the readings
    наблюдать за показаниями
    obtain the correct path
    выходить на заданную траекторию
    obtain the flying speed
    набирать заданную скорость полета
    obtain the forecast
    получать прогноз
    offer the capacity
    предлагать объем загрузки
    off-load the pump
    разгружать насос
    on the base leg
    выполнил третий разворот
    on the beam
    в зоне действия луча
    on the cross-wind leg
    выполнил первый разворот
    on the down-wind leg
    выполнил второй разворот
    on the eastbound leg
    на участке маршрута в восточном направлении
    on the final leg
    выполнил четвертый разворот
    on the left base leg
    подхожу к четвертому с левым разворотом
    on the speed
    на скорости
    on the upwind leg
    вхожу в круг
    open the buckets
    открывать створки
    open the circuit
    размыкать цепь
    open the door inward outward
    открывать люк внутрь наружу
    operate from the aerodrome
    выполнять полеты с аэродрома
    operate under the conditions
    эксплуатировать в заданных условиях
    overcome the obstacle
    преодолевать препятствие
    overcome the spring force
    преодолевать усилие пружины
    overflying the runway
    пролет над ВПП
    overpower the autopilot
    пересиливать автопилот
    overrun the runway
    выкатываться за пределы ВПП
    overshoot capture of the glide slope
    поздний захват глиссадного луча
    over the territory
    над территорией
    over the top
    над верхней границей облаков
    over the wing
    над крылом
    park in the baggage
    сдавать в багаж
    participation in the investigation
    участие в расследовании
    passing over the runway
    пролет над ВПП
    pass the signal
    пропускать сигнал
    past the turbine
    за турбиной
    perform the service bulletin
    выполнять доработку по бюллетеню
    pick up the signal
    фиксировать сигнал
    pick up the speed
    развивать заданную скорость
    pilot on the controls
    пилот, управляющий воздушным судном
    pitch the nose downward
    опускать нос
    place the aircraft
    устанавливать воздушное судно
    place the flaps in
    устанавливать закрылки
    plane of symmetry of the aeroplane
    плоскость симметрии самолета
    plot the aircraft
    засекать воздушное судно
    potential hazard to the safe
    потенциальная угроза безопасности
    power the bus
    включать шину
    present the minimum hazard
    представлять минимальную опасность
    preserve the clearance
    сохранять запас высоты
    pressurize the bearing
    уплотнять опору подачей давления
    produce the signal
    выдавать сигнал
    profitability over the route
    эффективность маршрута
    prolongation of the rating
    продление срока действия квалификационной отметки
    properly identify the aircraft
    точно опознавать воздушное судно
    protect the circuit
    защищать цепь
    prove the system
    испытывать систему
    pull out of the spin
    выводить из штопора
    pull the aircraft out of
    брать штурвал на себя
    pull the control column back
    брать штурвал на себя
    pull the control stick back
    брать ручку управления на себя
    pull up the helicopter
    резко увеличивать подъемную силу вертолета
    puncture the tire
    прокалывать покрышку
    push the aircraft back
    буксировать воздушное судно хвостом вперед
    push the aircraft down
    снижать высоту полета воздушного судна
    push the control column
    отдавать штурвал от себя
    push the control stick
    отдавать ручку управления от себя
    put into the spin
    вводить в штопор
    put on the course
    выходить на заданный курс
    put the aircraft into production
    запускать воздушное судно в производство
    put the aircraft on the course
    выводить воздушное судно на заданный курс
    put the aircraft over
    переводить воздушное судно в горизонтальный полет
    raise the landing gear
    убирать шасси
    reach the altitude
    занимать заданную высоту
    reach the flight level
    занимать заданный эшелон полета
    reach the glide path
    входить в зону глиссады
    reach the speed
    достигать заданных оборотов
    reach the stalling angle
    выходить на критический угол
    read the drift angle
    отсчитывать угол сноса
    read the instruments
    считывать показания приборов
    receive the signal
    принимать сигнал
    record the readings
    регистрировать показания
    recover from the spin
    выходить из штопора
    recover from the turn
    выходить из разворота
    recovery from the manoeuvre
    выход из маневра
    recovery from the stall
    вывод из режима сваливания
    recovery from the turn
    выход из разворота
    rectify the compass
    устранять девиацию компаса
    reduce the hazard
    уменьшать опасность
    reestablish the track
    восстанавливать заданную линию пути
    regain the glide path
    возвращаться на глиссаду
    regain the speed
    восстанавливать скорость
    regain the track
    возвращаться на заданный курс
    register the aircraft
    регистрировать воздушное судно
    release the aircraft
    прекращать контроль воздушного судна
    release the landing gear
    снимать шасси с замков убранного положения
    release the landing gear lock
    снимать шасси с замка
    release the load
    сбрасывать груз
    release the uplock
    открывать замок убранного положения
    relocate the plane's trim
    восстанавливать балансировку самолета
    remedy the defect
    устранять дефект
    remedy the trouble
    устранять отказ
    remove the aircraft
    удалять воздушное судно
    remove the crack
    выбирать трещину
    remove the tangle
    распутывать
    render the certificate
    передавать сертификат
    renew the license
    возобновлять действие свидетельства или лицензии
    renew the rating
    возобновлять действие квалификационной отметки
    replan the flight
    измерять маршрут полета
    report reaching the altitude
    докладывать о занятии заданной высоты
    report reaching the flight level
    докладывать о занятии заданного эшелона полета
    report the heading
    сообщать курс
    reset the gyroscope
    восстанавливать гироскоп
    restart the engine in flight
    запускать двигатель в полете
    restore the system
    восстанавливать работу системы
    restrict the operations
    накладывать ограничения на полеты
    resume the flight
    возобновлять полет
    resume the journey
    возобновлять полет
    retain the lever
    фиксировать рукоятку
    retract the landing gear
    убирать шасси
    return the aircraft to service
    допускать воздушное судно к дальнейшей эксплуатации
    reverse the propeller
    переводить винт на отрицательную тягу
    roll in the aircraft
    вводить воздушное судно в крен
    roll into the turn
    входить в разворот
    roll left on the heading
    выходить на курс с левым разворотом
    roll on the aircraft
    выполнять этап пробега воздушного судна
    roll on the course
    выводить на заданный курс
    roll out of the turn
    выходить из разворота
    roll out on the heading
    выходить на заданный курс
    roll out the aircraft
    выводить воздушное судно из крена
    roll right on the heading
    выходить на курс с правым разворотом
    rotate the aircraft
    отрывать переднюю опору шасси воздушного судна
    rotate the bogie
    запрокидывать тележку
    rules of the air
    правила полетов
    run fluid through the system
    прогонять систему
    run off the runway
    выкатываться за пределы ВПП
    run out the landing gear
    выпускать шасси
    schedule the performances
    задавать характеристики
    seat the brush
    притирать щетку
    second freedom of the air
    вторая степень свободы воздуха
    secure the mishap site
    обеспечивать охрану места происшествия
    select the course
    выбирать курс
    select the flight route
    выбирать маршрут полета
    select the frequency
    выбирать частоту
    select the heading
    задавать курс
    select the mode
    выбирать режим
    select the track angle
    задавать путевой угол
    separate the aircraft
    эшелонировать воздушное судно
    serve out the service life
    вырабатывать срок службы
    set at the desired angle
    устанавливать на требуемый угол
    set the course
    устанавливать курс
    set the flaps at
    устанавливать закрылки
    set the heading
    устанавливать курс
    set the propeller pitch
    устанавливать шаг воздушного винта
    set the throttle lever
    устанавливать сектор газа
    set up the speed
    задавать определенную скорость
    shift the center-of-gravity
    смещать центровку
    shop out the skin
    вырубать обшивку
    simulate the instruments responses
    имитировать показания приборов
    slacken the cable
    ослаблять натяжение троса
    slave the gyroscope
    согласовывать гироскоп
    smooth on the heading
    плавно выводить на заданный курс
    smooth out the crack
    удалять трещину
    smooth out the dent
    выправлять вмятину
    smooth the signal
    сглаживать сигнал
    space the aircraft
    определять зону полета воздушного судна
    spin the gyro rotor
    раскручивать ротор гироскопа
    state instituting the investigation
    государство, назначающее расследование
    (авиационного происшествия) state submitting the report
    государство, представляющее отчет
    (об авиационном происшествии) steady airflow about the wing
    установившееся обтекание крыла воздушным потоком
    steer the aircraft
    управлять воздушным судном
    stop the crack propagation
    предотвращать развитие трещины
    stop the leakage
    устранять течь
    submit the flight plan
    представлять план полета
    substitute the aircraft
    заменять воздушное судно
    supervision approved by the State
    надзор, установленный государством
    supply the signal
    подавать сигнал
    swing the compass
    списывать девиацию компаса
    swing the door open
    открывать створку
    switch to the autopilot
    переходить на управление с помощью автопилота
    switch to the proper tank
    включать подачу топлива из бака с помощью электрического крана
    takeoff into the wind
    взлетать против ветра
    take off power to the shaft
    отбирать мощность на вал
    take over the control
    брать управление на себя
    take the bearing
    брать заданный пеленг
    take the energy from
    отбирать энергию
    take the readings
    считывать показания
    take the taxiway
    занимать рулежную дорожку
    take up the backlash
    устранять люфт
    take up the position
    выходить на заданную высоту
    tap air from the compressor
    отбирать воздух от компрессора
    terminate the agreement
    прекращать действие соглашения
    terminate the control
    прекращать диспетчерское обслуживание
    terminate the flight
    завершать полет
    test in the wind tunnel
    продувать в аэродинамической трубе
    test the system
    испытывать систему
    the aircraft under command
    управляемое воздушное судно
    the route to be flown
    намеченный маршрут полета
    the route to be followed
    установленный маршрут полета
    the runway is clear
    ВПП свободна
    the runway is not clear
    ВПП занята
    the search is terminated
    поиск прекращен
    through on the same flight
    транзитом тем же рейсом
    throughout the service life
    на протяжении всего срока службы
    tighten the turn
    уменьшать радиус разворота
    time in the air
    налет часов
    time the valves
    регулировать газораспределение
    titl of the gyro
    завал гироскопа
    to define the airspace
    определять границы воздушного пространства
    transfer the control
    передавать диспетчерское управление другому пункту
    transit to the climb speed
    переходить к скорости набора высоты
    trim the aircraft
    балансировать воздушное судно
    turn into the wind
    разворачивать против ветра
    turn off the system
    выключать систему
    turn on the system
    включать систему
    turn the proper tank on
    включать подачу топлива из бока с помощью механического крана
    unarm the system
    отключать состояние готовности системы
    uncage the gyroscope
    разарретировать гироскоп
    unfeather the propeller
    выводить воздушный винт из флюгерного положения
    unlatch the landing gear
    снимать шасси с замков
    unlatch the pitch stop
    снимать с упора шага
    (лопасти воздушного винта) unstall the aircraft
    выводить воздушное судно из сваливания на крыло
    unstick the aircraft
    отрывать воздушное судно от земли
    uplift the freight
    принимать груз на борт
    violate the law
    нарушать установленный порядок
    wander off the course
    сбиваться с курса
    warn the aircraft
    предупреждать воздушное судно
    wind the generator
    наматывать обмотку генератора
    with decrease in the altitude
    со снижением высоты
    withdraw from the agreement
    выходить из соглашения
    with increase in the altitude
    с набором высоты
    within the frame of
    в пределах
    within the range
    в заданном диапазоне
    withstand the load
    выдерживать нагрузку
    work on the aircraft
    выполнять работу на воздушном судне
    write down the readings
    фиксировать показания

    English-Russian aviation dictionary > the

  • 16 stand

    stænd
    1. past tense, past participle - stood; verb
    1) (to be in an upright position, not sitting or lying: His leg was so painful that he could hardly stand; After the storm, few trees were left standing.)
    2) ((often with up) to rise to the feet: He pushed back his chair and stood up; Some people like to stand (up) when the National Anthem is played.)
    3) (to remain motionless: The train stood for an hour outside Newcastle.)
    4) (to remain unchanged: This law still stands.)
    5) (to be in or have a particular place: There is now a factory where our house once stood.)
    6) (to be in a particular state, condition or situation: As matters stand, we can do nothing to help; How do you stand financially?)
    7) (to accept or offer oneself for a particular position etc: He is standing as Parliamentary candidate for our district.)
    8) (to put in a particular position, especially upright: He picked up the fallen chair and stood it beside the table.)
    9) (to undergo or endure: He will stand (his) trial for murder; I can't stand her rudeness any longer.)
    10) (to pay for (a meal etc) for (a person): Let me stand you a drink!)

    2. noun
    1) (a position or place in which to stand ready to fight etc, or an act of fighting etc: The guard took up his stand at the gate; I shall make a stand for what I believe is right.)
    2) (an object, especially a piece of furniture, for holding or supporting something: a coat-stand; The sculpture had been removed from its stand for cleaning.)
    3) (a stall where goods are displayed for sale or advertisement.)
    4) (a large structure beside a football pitch, race course etc with rows of seats for spectators: The stand was crowded.)
    5) ((American) a witness box in a law court.)
    - standing
    3. noun
    1) (time of lasting: an agreement of long standing.)
    2) (rank or reputation: a diplomat of high standing.)

    4. adjective
    ((of an airline passenger or ticket) costing or paying less than the usual fare, as the passenger does not book a seat for a particular flight, but waits for the first available seat.)

    5. adverb
    (travelling in this way: It costs a lot less to travel stand-by.)
    - standing-room
    - make someone's hair stand on end
    - stand aside
    - stand back
    - stand by
    - stand down
    - stand fast/firm
    - stand for
    - stand in
    - stand on one's own two feet
    - stand on one's own feet
    - stand out
    - stand over
    - stand up for
    - stand up to

    stand1 n tribuna / gradería
    stand2 vb
    1. estar de pie
    2. ponerse de pie / levantarse
    everyone stood when the headmaster came in al entrar el director, todo el mundo se puso de pie
    3. estar
    4. poner
    5. aguantar / soportar
    stand still! ¡estáte quieto! / ¡no te muevas!


    stand m (pl stands) Com stand ' stand' also found in these entries: Spanish: abordaje - aguantar - arisca - arisco - así - atragantarse - atravesarse - atril - banquillo - brazo - campar - cara - caseta - condescendencia - contemplación - convoy - cruzarse - cuadrarse - desorganizada - desorganizado - despuntar - destacar - destacarse - distinguirse - dominar - elevarse - erguirse - erizar - erizarse - estrado - expositor - expositora - flojera - frente - fritura - gorda - gordo - imponer - intríngulis - levantarse - obstaculizar - pabellón - parar - parada - parado - paragüero - pararse - paripé - perchero - pie English: angular - bear - booth - chance - end - fast - hair - humour - hypocrite - leg - news-stand - one-night - pace - stand - stand about - stand around - stand aside - stand back - stand by - stand down - stand for - stand in - stand out - stand over - stand up - stand-in - stand-off - stand-offishness - stand-to - stand-up comic - standby ticket - still - stood - taxi stand - wastefulness - whereas - witness stand - attention - band - bristle - clear - coat - crowd - ease - freeze - get - grand - ground - hand - head
    tr[stænd]
    1 (position) lugar nombre masculino, sitio; (attitude, opinion) posición nombre femenino, postura; (defence, resistence) resistencia
    2 (of lamp, sculpture, etc) pie nombre masculino, pedestal nombre masculino, base nombre femenino
    4 (for taxis) parada
    5 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (in stadium) tribuna
    6 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (witness box) estrado
    intransitive verb (pt & pp stood tr[stʊd])
    1 (person - be on one's feet) estar de pie, estar; (- get up) ponerse de pie, levantarse; (- remain on one's feet) quedarse de pie; (- take up position) ponerse
    stand still! ¡estáte quieto,-a!, ¡no te muevas!
    don't just stand there! ¡no te quedes allí parado!
    2 (measure - height) medir; (- value, level) marcar, alcanzar
    inflation stands at 6% la inflación alcanza el 6%
    3 (thing - be situated) estar, encontrarse, haber
    4 (remain valid) seguir en pie, seguir vigente
    he stands high in their opinion tienen muy buena opinión de él, le tienen mucho respeto
    how do things stand between you and your boss? ¿cómo están las cosas entre tu jefe y tú?
    7 (take attitude, policy) adoptar una postura
    where do you stand on abortion? ¿cuál es tu posición sobre el aborto?
    9 (liquid) estancar; (mixture) reposar
    10 SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL (run) presentarse
    1 (place) poner, colocar
    2 familiar (bear, tolerate) aguantar, soportar; (endure, withstand) soportar, resistir
    will it stand the test of time? ¿resistirá el paso del tiempo?
    3 familiar (invite) invitar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    'No standing' SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL "Prohibido estacionarse"
    'Stand and deliver!' "La bolsa o la vida"
    to do something standing on one's head hacer algo con los ojos cerrados
    to know where one stands saber a qué atenerse
    to make a stand against (gen) oponer resistencia a 2 (mil) resistir a
    not to stand a chance no tener ni la más remota posibilidad
    to stand bail (for somebody) salir fiador,-ra (por alguien)
    to stand clear (of something) apartarse (de algo)
    stand clear of the doors! ¡apártense de las puertas!
    to stand fast / stand firm mantenerse firme
    to stand in the way of impedir, obstaculizar, poner trabas a
    to stand on ceremony ser muy ceremonioso,-a
    to stand one's ground mantenerse firme, seguir en sus trece
    to stand on one's head hacer el pino
    to stand on one's own two feet apañárselas solo,-a
    to stand out a mile saltar a la vista
    to stand somebody in good stead resultarle muy útil a alguien
    to stand something on its head dar la vuelta a algo, poner algo patas arriba
    to stand to attention estar firmes, cuadrarse
    to stand to reason ser lógico,-a
    to stand trial ser procesado,-a
    to stand up and be counted dar la cara por sus principios
    cake stand bandeja para pasteles
    coat stand / hat stand perchero
    newspaper stand quiosco
    stand ['stænd] v, stood ['stʊd] ; standing vi
    1) : estar de pie, estar parado
    I was standing on the corner: estaba parada en la esquina
    2) or to stand up : levantarse, pararse, ponerse de pie
    they stand third in the country: ocupan el tercer lugar en el país
    the machines are standing idle: las máquinas están paradas
    how does he stand on the matter?: ¿cuál es su postura respecto al asunto?
    5) be: estar
    the house stands on a hill: la casa está en una colina
    6) continue: seguir
    the order still stands: el mandato sigue vigente
    stand vt
    1) place, set: poner, colocar
    he stood them in a row: los colocó en hilera
    2) tolerate: aguantar, soportar
    he can't stand her: no la puede tragar
    3)
    to stand firm : mantenerse firme
    4)
    to stand guard : hacer la guardia
    1) resistance: resistencia f
    2) booth, stall: stand m, puesto m, kiosko m (para vender periódicos, etc)
    3) base: pie m, base f
    4) : grupo m (de árboles, etc.)
    5) position: posición f, postura f
    6) stands npl
    grandstand: tribuna f
    n.
    apostadero s.m.
    banca s.f.
    caseta s.f.
    etapa s.f.
    parada s.f.
    pedestal s.m.
    pie s.m.
    posición s.f.
    postura s.f.
    puesto s.m.
    quiosco s.m.
    soporte s.m.
    tarima s.f. (Election, UK)
    v.
    presentarse (E lección) (•Gobierno•) v.
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: stood) = estar v.
    (§pres: estoy, estás...) pret: estuv-•)
    resistir v.
    soportar v.
    stænd
    I
    1)
    a) ( position) lugar m, sitio m
    b) ( attitude) postura f, posición f

    to take a stand on somethingadoptar una postura or posición (con) respecto a algo

    c) ( resistance) resistencia f

    to make a stand against something — oponer* resistencia a algo

    2)
    a) (pedestal, base) pie m, base f
    b) ( for sheet music) atril m
    c) (for coats, hats) perchero m
    3) (at fair, exhibition) stand m, caseta f; ( larger) pabellón m

    newspaper standpuesto m de periódicos

    a hot-dog stand — (esp AmE) un puesto de perritos calientes

    4) ( for spectators) (often pl) tribuna f
    5) ( witness box) (AmE) estrado m

    II
    1.
    (past & past p stood) intransitive verb
    1)
    a) (be, remain upright) \<\<person\>\> estar* de pie, estar* parado (AmL)
    b) ( rise) levantarse, ponerse* de pie, pararse (AmL)

    her hair stood on end — se le pusieron los pelos de punta, se le pararon los pelos (AmL); see also stand up

    c) ( in height)

    the tower stands 30 meters highla torre tiene or mide 30 metros de altura

    2) (move, take up position) ponerse*, pararse (AmL)

    stand over thereponte or (AmL tb) párate allí

    he stood on a chairse subió a or (AmL tb) se paró en una silla

    to stand aside — hacerse* a un lado, apartarse

    can you stand on your head? — ¿sabes pararte de cabeza or (Esp) hacer el pino?

    3)
    a) (be situated, located)

    where do you stand on this issue? — ¿cuál es tu posición en cuanto a este problema?

    c) (be mounted, fixed)

    a hut standing on wooden pilesuna choza construida or que descansa sobre pilotes de madera

    4)
    a) (stop, remain still) \<\<person\>\>

    can't you stand still for two minutes? — ¿no puedes estarte quieto un minuto?

    no standing — (AmE) estacionamiento prohibido, prohibido estacionarse

    to stand firm o fast — mantenerse* firme

    b) ( remain undisturbed) \<\<batter/water\>\>
    c) (survive, last)
    5) (remain unchanged, valid) \<\<law/agreement\>\> seguir* vigente or en vigor
    6)
    a) (be)

    to stand AT something: unemployment stands at 17% el desempleo alcanza el 17%; receipts stand at $150,000 — el total recaudado asciende a 150.000 dólares

    to stand to + INF: he stands to lose a fortune puede llegar a perder una fortuna; what does she stand to gain out of this? — ¿qué es lo que puede ganar con esto ?

    7) (for office, election) (BrE) presentarse (como candidato)

    to stand FOR something: she is standing for the presidency — se va a presentar como candidata a la presidencia


    2.
    vt
    1) ( place) poner*; (carefully, precisely) colocar*

    he stood the ladder against the wallpuso or colocó or apoyó la escalera contra la pared

    2)
    a) (tolerate, bear) (with can, can't, won't) \<\<pain/noise\>\> aguantar, soportar

    I can't stand himno lo aguanto or soporto, no lo trago (fam)

    I can't stand it any longer! — no puedo más!, no aguanto más!

    to stand -ING: she can't stand being interrupted — no soporta or no tolera que la interrumpan

    b) ( withstand) \<\<heat/strain\>\> soportar, resistir
    3) ( pay for) \<\<drink/dinner\>\> invitar a
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [stænd] (vb: pt, pp stood)
    1. N
    1) (=position) posición f, puesto m
    2) (fig) (=stance) actitud f, postura f
    3) (Mil)
    - make a stand

    to make or take a stand against sth — oponer resistencia a algo

    one-night stand
    4) (for taxis) parada f (de taxis)
    5) (=lamp stand) pie m; (=music stand) atril m; (=hallstand) perchero m
    6) (=newspaper stand) quiosco m, puesto m (esp LAm); (=market stall) puesto m; (in shop) estante m, puesto m; (at exhibition) caseta f, stand m; (=bandstand) quiosco m
    7) (Sport) (=grandstand) tribuna f
    8) (Jur) estrado m

    to take the stand(esp US) (=go into witness box) subir a la tribuna de los testigos; (=give evidence) prestar declaración

    9) [of trees] hilera f, grupo m
    10) *** (=erection) empalme *** m
    2. VT
    1) (=place) poner, colocar
    2) (=withstand) resistir
    - stand one's ground
    3) (=tolerate) aguantar

    I can't stand it any longer! — ¡no aguanto más!

    I can't stand (the sight of) him — no lo aguanto, no lo puedo tragar

    I can't stand waiting for peopleno aguanto or soporto que me hagan esperar

    chance 1., 3)
    4) * (=pay for)

    to stand sb a drink/meal — invitar a algn a una copa/a comer

    3. VI
    1) (=be upright) estar de pie or derecho, estar parado (LAm)

    we must stand together — (fig) debemos unirnos or ser solidarios

    - stand on one's own two feet
    - stand tall
    ease 1., 4)
    2) (=get up) levantarse, pararse (LAm)

    all stand! — ¡levántense!

    3) (=stay, stand still)

    don't just stand there, do something! — ¡no te quedes ahí parado, haz algo!

    to stand talking — seguir hablando, quedarse a hablar

    we stood chatting for half an hour — charlamos durante media hora, pasamos media hora charlando

    stand and deliver! — ¡la bolsa o la vida!

    4) (=tread)

    he stood on the brakes — (Aut) * pisó el freno a fondo

    5) (=measure) medir

    the mountain stands 3,000m high — la montaña tiene una altura de 3.000m

    6) (=have reached)

    the thermometer stands at 40° — el termómetro marca 40 grados

    the record stands at ten minutes — el record está en diez minutos, el tiempo récord sigue siendo de diez minutos

    sales stand at five per cent more than last year — las ventas han aumentado en un cinco por cien en relación con el año pasado

    7) (=be situated) encontrarse, ubicarse (LAm)
    8) (=be mounted, based) apoyarse
    9) (=remain valid) [offer, argument, decision] seguir en pie or vigente

    it has stood for 200 years — ha durado 200 años ya, lleva ya 200 años de vida

    10) (fig) (=be placed) estar, encontrarse

    as things stand, as it stands — tal como están las cosas

    how do we stand? — ¿cómo estamos?

    where do you stand with him? — ¿cuáles son tus relaciones con él?

    11) (=be in a position)

    what do we stand to gain by it? — ¿qué posibilidades hay para nosotros de ganar algo?, ¿qué ventaja nos daría esto?

    we stand to lose a lot — para nosotros supondría una pérdida importante, estamos en peligro de perder bastante

    12) (=be)

    to stand (as) security for sb — (Econ) salir fiador de algn; (fig) salir por algn

    it stands to reason that... — es evidente que..., no cabe duda de que...

    clear 2., 3), correct 2., 1)
    13) (=remain undisturbed) estar

    to let sth stand in the sun — poner algo al sol, dejar algo al sol

    14) (Brit) (Pol) presentarse (como candidato)

    to stand against sb in an election — presentarse como oponente a algn en unas elecciones

    to stand as a candidate — presentarse como candidato

    to stand for Parliament — presentarse como candidato a diputado

    15) (Econ)

    there is £50 standing to your credit — usted tiene 50 libras en el haber

    * * *
    [stænd]
    I
    1)
    a) ( position) lugar m, sitio m
    b) ( attitude) postura f, posición f

    to take a stand on somethingadoptar una postura or posición (con) respecto a algo

    c) ( resistance) resistencia f

    to make a stand against something — oponer* resistencia a algo

    2)
    a) (pedestal, base) pie m, base f
    b) ( for sheet music) atril m
    c) (for coats, hats) perchero m
    3) (at fair, exhibition) stand m, caseta f; ( larger) pabellón m

    newspaper standpuesto m de periódicos

    a hot-dog stand — (esp AmE) un puesto de perritos calientes

    4) ( for spectators) (often pl) tribuna f
    5) ( witness box) (AmE) estrado m

    II
    1.
    (past & past p stood) intransitive verb
    1)
    a) (be, remain upright) \<\<person\>\> estar* de pie, estar* parado (AmL)
    b) ( rise) levantarse, ponerse* de pie, pararse (AmL)

    her hair stood on end — se le pusieron los pelos de punta, se le pararon los pelos (AmL); see also stand up

    c) ( in height)

    the tower stands 30 meters highla torre tiene or mide 30 metros de altura

    2) (move, take up position) ponerse*, pararse (AmL)

    stand over thereponte or (AmL tb) párate allí

    he stood on a chairse subió a or (AmL tb) se paró en una silla

    to stand aside — hacerse* a un lado, apartarse

    can you stand on your head? — ¿sabes pararte de cabeza or (Esp) hacer el pino?

    3)
    a) (be situated, located)

    where do you stand on this issue? — ¿cuál es tu posición en cuanto a este problema?

    c) (be mounted, fixed)

    a hut standing on wooden pilesuna choza construida or que descansa sobre pilotes de madera

    4)
    a) (stop, remain still) \<\<person\>\>

    can't you stand still for two minutes? — ¿no puedes estarte quieto un minuto?

    no standing — (AmE) estacionamiento prohibido, prohibido estacionarse

    to stand firm o fast — mantenerse* firme

    b) ( remain undisturbed) \<\<batter/water\>\>
    c) (survive, last)
    5) (remain unchanged, valid) \<\<law/agreement\>\> seguir* vigente or en vigor
    6)
    a) (be)

    to stand AT something: unemployment stands at 17% el desempleo alcanza el 17%; receipts stand at $150,000 — el total recaudado asciende a 150.000 dólares

    to stand to + INF: he stands to lose a fortune puede llegar a perder una fortuna; what does she stand to gain out of this? — ¿qué es lo que puede ganar con esto ?

    7) (for office, election) (BrE) presentarse (como candidato)

    to stand FOR something: she is standing for the presidency — se va a presentar como candidata a la presidencia


    2.
    vt
    1) ( place) poner*; (carefully, precisely) colocar*

    he stood the ladder against the wallpuso or colocó or apoyó la escalera contra la pared

    2)
    a) (tolerate, bear) (with can, can't, won't) \<\<pain/noise\>\> aguantar, soportar

    I can't stand himno lo aguanto or soporto, no lo trago (fam)

    I can't stand it any longer! — no puedo más!, no aguanto más!

    to stand -ING: she can't stand being interrupted — no soporta or no tolera que la interrumpan

    b) ( withstand) \<\<heat/strain\>\> soportar, resistir
    3) ( pay for) \<\<drink/dinner\>\> invitar a
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > stand

  • 17 profit

    фін., бухг. n прибуток; зиск; a прибутковий; зисковний
    матеріальна вигода, одержувана з якої-небудь ділової діяльності, величина якої залежить від різниці між надходженнями (revenue²), напр. від реалізації товарів і послуг, та витратами (expenses¹) на їх виготовлення
    ═════════■═════════
    accounting profit звітний прибуток; accumulated profit нагромаджений прибуток; actual profit фактичний прибуток; adjusted profit скоригований прибуток; after-tax profit прибуток після оподаткування; annual profit річний прибуток; anticipated profit очікуваний прибуток; average profit середній прибуток; before-tax profit прибуток до відрахування податку; boom profit кон'юнктурний прибуток; business profit торговельний прибуток; calculated profit розрахунковий прибуток; clear profit чистий прибуток; commercial profit торговельний прибуток; compound operating profit сукупний прибуток підприємства; computed profit розрахунковий прибуток; consolidated profit консолідований прибуток; corporate profit прибуток корпорації; declared profit заявлений прибуток; deferred gross profit відстрочений валовий прибуток; distributed profit розподілений прибуток; earned profit одержаний прибуток • зароблений прибуток; estimated profit розрахунковий прибуток • кошторисний прибуток; excess profit надприбуток; expected profit сподіваний прибуток • очікуваний прибуток; fair profit справедливий прибуток; gross profit валовий прибуток; huge profit величезний прибуток; incidental profit непередбачений прибуток; intercompany profit внутрішньо-фірмовий прибуток; inventory profit складський прибуток; marginal profit мінімальний прибуток • граничний прибуток; maximum profit максимальний прибуток; monthly profit місячний прибуток; net profit чистий прибуток; net trading profit чистий торговельний прибуток; normal profit нормальний прибуток; operating profit; paper profit паперовий прибуток • потенційний (нереалізований прибуток) (напр., внаслідок підвищення цін або курсів); planned profit планований прибуток; рге-acquisition profits нерозподілені прибутки проданої компанії; pretax profit прибуток до відрахування податку; realized profit реалізований прибуток з продажу; relative profit відносний прибуток; reported profit заявлений прибуток; residual profit залишковий прибуток; retained profit нерозподілений прибуток; steady profit стійкий прибуток; supernormal profit надприбуток; surplus profit надлишковий прибуток; sustained profit стійкий прибуток; target profit цільовий прибуток; taxable profit оподатковуваний прибуток; trading profit торговельний прибуток; undistributed profit нерозподілений прибуток; unit profit прибуток на одиницю продукції
    ═════════□═════════
    at a profit з прибутком; loss of profits втрата прибутків; net profit on sales чистий прибуток з продажу; non-profit organization неприбуткова організація; profit and loss прибутки і збитки; profit and loss account; profit and loss statement; profit and reserve fund прибуток і резервний фонд; profit before depreciation прибуток до відрахування на амортизацію; profit before tax прибуток до оподаткування; profit brought forward прибуток, перенесений на наступний період; profit budget планований прибуток; profit centre; profit earned одержаний прибуток; profit earning одержання прибутку; profit for a period прибуток за період; profit from investments прибуток від капіталовкладення; profit margin; profit on account прибуток на рахунку; profit on capital invested прибуток на інвестований капітал; profit on investments прибуток від капіталовкладення; profit or loss after tax прибуток або збиток після оплати податків; profit per unit прибуток на одиницю продукції; profit sharing частка в прибутках; to allot a profit розподіляти/розподілити прибуток; to apportion a profit розподіляти/розподілити прибуток; to derive a profit отримувати/отримати прибуток; to distribute profits розподіляти/розподілити прибуток; to draw a profit одержувати/одержати прибуток; to ensure a profit забезпечувати/забезпечити прибуток; to gain a profit одержувати/одержати прибуток; to increase profits збільшувати/збільшити прибуток; to make a profit отримувати/отримати прибуток • одержувати/одержати прибуток; to operate at a profit працювати з прибутком; to plough back profits капіталізувати прибуток • інвестувати прибуток; to reduce profits зменшувати/зменшити прибуток; to render a profit приносити/принести прибуток; to return a profit приносити/принести прибуток; to secure a profit забезпечувати/забезпечити прибуток; to sell at a profit продавати/продати з прибутком; to share in profits мати частку прибутку; to show a profit бути прибутковим; to yield a profit приносити/принести прибуток
    * * *

    The English-Ukrainian Dictionary > profit

  • 18 CLR

    3) Юридический термин: Commonwealth Law Reports
    4) Металлургия: Constant Load Rupture
    5) Телекоммуникации: circuit loudness rating
    7) Университет: Centre For Landscape Research
    8) Электроника: Crystal Light Relay
    9) Вычислительная техника: cell-loss ratio, Common Language Runtime (MS, CLI,.NET), Cell Loss Ratio (UNI, ATM, QOS), common language runtime
    10) Деловая лексика: Customer Loyalty Reward
    11) Сетевые технологии: clear, очищать
    12) Контроль качества: Crack Length Ratio
    13) Расширение файла: 1st Reader Color binary screen image, Color scheme (Boxer/2), Color definitions (Photostyler)
    14) Яхтенный спорт: center of lateral resistance
    15) Майкрософт: среда CLR
    16) NYSE. Clarion Commercial Holdings, Inc.
    17) НАСА: Calcium, Lime, and Rust remover

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > CLR

  • 19 clr

    3) Юридический термин: Commonwealth Law Reports
    4) Металлургия: Constant Load Rupture
    5) Телекоммуникации: circuit loudness rating
    7) Университет: Centre For Landscape Research
    8) Электроника: Crystal Light Relay
    9) Вычислительная техника: cell-loss ratio, Common Language Runtime (MS, CLI,.NET), Cell Loss Ratio (UNI, ATM, QOS), common language runtime
    10) Деловая лексика: Customer Loyalty Reward
    11) Сетевые технологии: clear, очищать
    12) Контроль качества: Crack Length Ratio
    13) Расширение файла: 1st Reader Color binary screen image, Color scheme (Boxer/2), Color definitions (Photostyler)
    14) Яхтенный спорт: center of lateral resistance
    15) Майкрософт: среда CLR
    16) NYSE. Clarion Commercial Holdings, Inc.
    17) НАСА: Calcium, Lime, and Rust remover

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > clr

  • 20 make

    I [meɪk]
    1) (brand) marca f.
    2) (type of manufacture) produzione f., fabbricazione f.
    ••

    to be on the makecolloq. (for profit) badare al proprio interesse; (for sex) essere a caccia

    II 1. [meɪk]
    verbo transitivo (pass., p.pass. made)
    1) (create) fare [dress, cake, stain, hole, will, pact, film, sketch, noise]

    to make sb. sth. — fare qcs. a qcn.

    to be made for sb. — essere fatto per qcn.

    to make the time for sth. — trovare il tempo per qcs.

    to make sb. happy — fare felice qcn.

    to make sb. jealous — fare ingelosire qcn.

    to make sb. popular — rendere qcn. popolare

    to make sb. hungry — fare venire fame a qcn.

    to make sth. better, worse — migliorare, peggiorare qcs.

    to make passing exams easier to make it easier to pass exams facilitare il superamento degli esami; to make it possible to do — rendere possibile fare

    to make sb. cry, smile — fare piangere, sorridere qcn.

    to make sth. happen — fare in modo che succeda qcs.

    to make sth. work — fare funzionare qcs.

    to make sb. do — obbligare qcn. a fare

    to make sb. talk — fare parlare qcn

    to make sb. a star — fare di qcn. una star

    we made him treasurerl'abbiamo fatto o nominato tesoriere

    to make a monster of sb. — fare di qcn. un mostro

    it'll make a man of youscherz. questo farà di te un uomo

    to make sth. sth. to make sth. of sth. fare qcs. di qcs.; to make a habit of sth. fare di qcs. un'abitudine; to make too much of it farne una questione di stato; that will make a good shelter — potrà essere un buon riparo

    7) (earn) guadagnare, prendere [ salary]
    8) (reach) arrivare a, raggiungere [place, ranking, level]; fare [speed, distance]

    to make the front page of — essere sulla prima pagina di [ newspaper]

    9) (estimate, say)
    10) (cause success of) garantire il successo di [holiday, day]

    it really makes the room — [feature, colour] è proprio ciò che rende la stanza perfetta

    to make or break sb., sth. — fare la fortuna o essere la rovina di qcn., qcs

    11) el. chiudere [ circuit]
    12) gioc. mischiare [ cards]

    to make a trick (win) vincere una mano

    2.
    verbo intransitivo (pass., p.pass. made)
    ••

    to make itcolloq. (in career, life) farcela; (be on time) farcela (ad arrivare) in tempo

    I'm afraid I can't make it(to party, meeting) ho paura che non ce la farò (a venire)

    * * *
    [meik] 1. past tense, past participle - made; verb
    1) (to create, form or produce: God made the Earth; She makes all her own clothes; He made it out of paper; to make a muddle/mess of the job; to make lunch/coffee; We made an arrangement/agreement/deal/bargain.) fare, creare
    2) (to compel, force or cause (a person or thing to do something): They made her do it; He made me laugh.) fare
    3) (to cause to be: I made it clear; You've made me very unhappy.) rendere
    4) (to gain or earn: He makes $100 a week; to make a profit.) guadagnare
    5) ((of numbers etc) to add up to; to amount to: 2 and 2 make(s) 4.) fare
    6) (to become, turn into, or be: He'll make an excellent teacher.) diventare, essere
    7) (to estimate as: I make the total 483.) valutare
    8) (to appoint, or choose, as: He was made manager.) nominare
    9) (used with many nouns to give a similar meaning to that of the verb from which the noun is formed: He made several attempts (= attempted several times); They made a left turn (= turned left); He made (= offered) a suggestion/proposal; Have you any comments to make?) fare
    2. noun
    (a (usually manufacturer's) brand: What make is your new car?) marca
    - making
    - make-believe
    - make-over
    - makeshift
    - make-up
    - have the makings of
    - in the making
    - make a/one's bed
    - make believe
    - make do
    - make for
    - make it
    - make it up
    - make something of something
    - make of something
    - make something of
    - make of
    - make out
    - make over
    - make up
    - make up for
    - make up one's mind
    - make up to
    * * *
    make /meɪk/
    n.
    1 [u] fabbricazione; produzione; fattura; confezione
    2 marca; tipo; ( d'abito) forma, taglio: spare parts for all makes of car, pezzi di ricambio per auto di tutte le marche
    3 [u] costituzione fisica (o morale); carattere; temperamento: a man of this make, un uomo di siffatto temperamento
    4 (elettr.) chiusura d'un circuito: at make, nel momento in cui si chiude il circuito (o avviene il contatto)
    5 ( slang USA) donna: She's an easy make, è una che ci sta
    ● (elettr.) make contact, contatto in chiusura; contatto normalmente aperto □ (econ.) make-work activities, attività creatrici di (posti di) lavoro □ ( slang) to be on the make, essere intento a far quattrini (o a far carriera); essere in cerca di sesso □ ( slang USA) to put the make on sb., tentare un approccio con q.; provarci con q.
    ♦ (to) make /meɪk/
    (pass. e p. p. made)
    A v. t.
    1 fare; creare; costruire; comporre; formare; confezionare; fabbricare; produrre; causare; rendere; nominare: to make tea [bread, wine], fare il tè [il pane, il vino]; DIALOGO → - At the museum- I'll make some sandwiches, faccio dei panini; What time do you make it?, che ora fai?; to make roads [bridges], costruire strade [ponti]; What is it made of?, di che cosa è fatto?; di che cosa è?; Two and two make four, due più due fa quattro; to make a noise, far rumore; to make a mistake, fare un errore (o uno sbaglio); They made him president, lo hanno fatto (o nominato) presidente
    2 (causativo) fare; costringere; obbligare; indurre: Don't make me laugh!, non farmi ridere!; He made her cry, la fece piangere; This photograph makes you look older, questa fotografia ti fa (apparire) più vecchio; They made her resign ( o She was made to resign), la costrinsero a dimettersi
    3 valutare; supporre; ritenere; credere: I make the distance about ten miles, suppongo che la distanza sia di circa dieci miglia
    4 (spec. naut.) arrivare a, raggiungere; toccare: We made land at sunrise, abbiamo toccato terra (o siamo approdati a terra) all'alba
    5 diventare; dimostrarsi; essere per (q.): I think he will make a good teacher, credo che diventerà un buon insegnante
    6 avere, sentire, farsi ( un dubbio, uno scrupolo, ecc.)
    7 fare la fortuna di: Fleet Street can make or break a politician, i giornali inglesi possono fare la fortuna o provocare la rovina di un uomo politico
    8 guadagnare: to make money, fare soldi, guadagnare soldi; She makes €50,000 a year, guadagna €50 000 all'anno
    9 fare (fig.); completare; rendere perfetto: It's the furniture that really makes a house, è il mobilio che fa una casa
    10 farcela ad arrivare a: We made the airport in ten minutes, in dieci minuti siamo riusciti ad arrivare all'aeroporto
    12 ( slang USA) identificare; riconoscere
    13 (volg.) farsi ( una donna; volg.); avere rapporti sessuali con (q.)
    B v. i.
    (lett. o arc.) fare per; stare per; fare la mossa di: to make as if, far mostra di; fingere di; He made as if he were going to strike me, fece come per colpirmi
    to make an appointment with sb., prendere un appuntamento con q. to make approaches to sb., cercare di avvicinare q. to make st. available to sb., mettere qc. a disposizione di q. to make believe, fare finta, fingere □ to make the best of st., sfruttare al meglio qc. to make the best of a bad job (o of a bad bargain), fare buon viso a cattiva sorte □ to make bold, diventare audace; osare: I make bold to say that…, oso (o mi permetto di) dire che… □ to make or break = to make or mar ► sotto □ a make or break case, un caso di o la va o la spacca □ a make or break plan, un piano disperato; un progetto audacissimo □ to make a call, fare una (breve) visita; (telef.) fare una telefonata; (naut.) fare scalo □ to make the cards (o the pack), fare le carte; mescolare e dare le carte □ to make certain, assicurarsi; accertarsi: Make certain that the door is locked, assicurati che la porta sia chiusa a chiave! □ (elettr.) to make a circuit, chiudere un circuito □ to make it clear that…, mettere in chiaro (o chiarire) che… □ (elettr.) to make a contact, stabilire (o chiudere) un contatto □ to make a decision, prendere una decisione; decidere □ to make st. do (o to make do with st.), far bastare qc.; arrangiarsi con qc. to make do and mend, tirare avanti con quello che si ha ( con un abito vecchio, ecc.) □ (naut.) to make fast, ormeggiarsi; dar volta a ( un cavo) □ to make st. fast, assicurare (o legare) qc. to make a fool of oneself, rendersi ridicolo; fare una figuraccia □ to make friends with sb., fare amicizia con q. to make fun of sb., prendere in giro q. to make good, aver successo, fare fortuna; ( anche) tornare sulla retta via □ to make st. good, risarcire ( una perdita); recuperare ( il tempo perduto); mantenere ( una promessa); mettere in atto ( una minaccia); dimostrare la validità di ( un argomento, ecc.): to make good a promise, tener fede a una promessa □ to make good time, andare in fretta; (autom., aeron., naut.) viaggiare bene (o in orario) □ to make a habit of st., prendere l'abitudine di fare qc. to make headway, (naut.) fare abbrivio in avanti; (fig.) far progressi □ (fam.) to make it, farcela; riuscire; fare in tempo, arrivare in tempo; avere successo, sfondare (fig.): DIALOGO → - Parent-teacher meeting- Can you make it?, ce la fai?; Unfortunately I can't make it to Florence, purtroppo non ce la faccio a venire a Firenze □ (fam.) to make it big, avere un grande successo; sfondare davvero (fig.) □ (fam.) to make sb. 's day, fare di un giorno una data memorabile per q. to make it difficult for sb., rendere la vita difficile a q. □ (fam.) to make it (o things) hot for sb., rendere la vita difficile a q. □ (fam. USA) to make like st. (o sb.), imitare qc. (o q.); fare finta di essere qc. (o q.) □ to make little of, tenere in scarsa considerazione; trarre scarso vantaggio da □ to make sb. lose his balance, sbilanciare q. to make lovelove □ (arc.) to make merry, far festa; far baldoria □ (fig. fam.) to make mincemeat of sb., fare a pezzi (o distruggere) q. to make the most of st., trarre il massimo vantaggio da qc.; sfruttare al massimo qc.: He makes the most of the little he has, sfrutta al massimo quel poco che possiede; DIALOGO → - At the museum- We'll just have to make the most of it now we're here, dobbiamo godercelo il più possibile dal momento che siamo qui □ to make much of, tenere in gran conto; trarre grande vantaggio da □ to make no bones about doing st., non esitare (fam.: non fare una piega) a fare qc. to make no difference, non fare differenza, essere indifferente □ to make oneself (seguito da aggettivo, causativo) farsi; rendersi: to make oneself understood, farsi capire; Make yourself useful, renditi utile! □ to make oneself, fare per sé; farsi ( anche) mettersi; considerarsi: to make oneself a cup of tea, farsi una tazza di tè; Make yourself at home!, mettiti comodo!; fa come se fossi a casa tua! □ to make ready, preparare; approntare; prepararsi □ to make room (o place) for sb., far posto a q. □ (naut.) to make sail, far vela, salpare; ( anche) aumentare la velatura □ (comm.) to make a sale, fare una vendita □ to make sense, avere senso: These words don't make sense, queste parole non hanno senso; to make sense of st., capire q., cavare un significato da q.; Can you make sense of this article?, ci capisci qualcosa in questo articolo? □ to make sure, accertarsi, assicurarsi; fare in modo (di) □ (a bridge) to make a trick, fare una presa □ to make one's way, dirigersi, andare: to make one's way home, prendere la strada di casa □ to make way for sb., far largo a q. to make one's way in the world, farsi strada nel mondo; fare carriera □ ( boxe) to make the weight, fare il peso □ (prov.) Make hay while the sun shines, batti il ferro finché è caldo!
    NOTA D'USO: - to make-
    * * *
    I [meɪk]
    1) (brand) marca f.
    2) (type of manufacture) produzione f., fabbricazione f.
    ••

    to be on the makecolloq. (for profit) badare al proprio interesse; (for sex) essere a caccia

    II 1. [meɪk]
    verbo transitivo (pass., p.pass. made)
    1) (create) fare [dress, cake, stain, hole, will, pact, film, sketch, noise]

    to make sb. sth. — fare qcs. a qcn.

    to be made for sb. — essere fatto per qcn.

    to make the time for sth. — trovare il tempo per qcs.

    to make sb. happy — fare felice qcn.

    to make sb. jealous — fare ingelosire qcn.

    to make sb. popular — rendere qcn. popolare

    to make sb. hungry — fare venire fame a qcn.

    to make sth. better, worse — migliorare, peggiorare qcs.

    to make passing exams easier to make it easier to pass exams facilitare il superamento degli esami; to make it possible to do — rendere possibile fare

    to make sb. cry, smile — fare piangere, sorridere qcn.

    to make sth. happen — fare in modo che succeda qcs.

    to make sth. work — fare funzionare qcs.

    to make sb. do — obbligare qcn. a fare

    to make sb. talk — fare parlare qcn

    to make sb. a star — fare di qcn. una star

    we made him treasurerl'abbiamo fatto o nominato tesoriere

    to make a monster of sb. — fare di qcn. un mostro

    it'll make a man of youscherz. questo farà di te un uomo

    to make sth. sth. to make sth. of sth. fare qcs. di qcs.; to make a habit of sth. fare di qcs. un'abitudine; to make too much of it farne una questione di stato; that will make a good shelter — potrà essere un buon riparo

    7) (earn) guadagnare, prendere [ salary]
    8) (reach) arrivare a, raggiungere [place, ranking, level]; fare [speed, distance]

    to make the front page of — essere sulla prima pagina di [ newspaper]

    9) (estimate, say)
    10) (cause success of) garantire il successo di [holiday, day]

    it really makes the room — [feature, colour] è proprio ciò che rende la stanza perfetta

    to make or break sb., sth. — fare la fortuna o essere la rovina di qcn., qcs

    11) el. chiudere [ circuit]
    12) gioc. mischiare [ cards]

    to make a trick (win) vincere una mano

    2.
    verbo intransitivo (pass., p.pass. made)
    ••

    to make itcolloq. (in career, life) farcela; (be on time) farcela (ad arrivare) in tempo

    I'm afraid I can't make it(to party, meeting) ho paura che non ce la farò (a venire)

    English-Italian dictionary > make

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